An Enemy of the People by Henrik Ibsen An Analysis

Dr Thomas Stockmann is the central character of the play, An Enemy of the People, written by Henrik Ibsen. He is an active medical doctor at the Baths and also has his brother, Peter Stockmann, as the mayor of the town. Stockmann has an optimistic and impulsive nature. In this play, Dr Stockmann finds out a grave health hazard in the Baths of the Norwegian town he is a dweller of. The Baths is being shown to draw in and attract people as a health resort. The officials are being warned by Dr Stockmann regarding the problem. The doctor believes that the officials will consider his observance and close up the Baths in anticipation of its correction. Instead, the doctor meets with severe confrontation. His brother who is the town mayor supports the ideas to keep the Baths remain open and orders for the correction of the problem in a gradual manner. He presses on numerous points of view that call for the towns financial interests. The doctors wife, Katherine, also wanted him to work together with the towns authorities. Thus, this play by Ibsen consists of modern importance, application, consequence and moral depth. It reveals how the responses of Dr Stockmann can be used as an interpretation of a squabble that acting in accordance with his duties to save the public health from harm do not compel him to break his word on his dedication as a father and as a civilian. Dr Stockmann was sure about his discovery as helpful for the town and its people. Instead ofShow MoreRelatedPeer Gynt Analysis1481 Words   |  6 PagesSharlyn Ramirez 4/10/11 EL-123-03 Play Analysis Paper Analysis of Henrik Ibsen’s Play â€Å"Peer Gynt† â€Å"Peer Gynt† (1867) was the first of Henrik Ibsen’s successful plays in the nineteenth – century. Most commonly known as the â€Å"father of modern theater†, Ibsen devoted his entire career to the reconstruction of theater from a large, exaggerated spectacle, to more psychological and condensed productions. He was able to accomplish this through the use of several literaryRead More A Dolls House: A Push To Freedom Essay examples1371 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometime after the publication of quot;A Dolls Housequot;, Henrik Ibsen spoke at a meeting of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He explained to the group, quot;I must decline the honor of being said to have worked for the Womens Rights movement. I am not even very sure what Womens Rights are. To me it has been a question of human rightsquot; ( ). quot;A Dolls Housequot; is often interpreted by readers, teachers, and critics alike as an attackRead MoreHenrik Ibsen : An Alienated Moralism838 Words   |  4 Pages1882, his position as an alienated moralist translates to the treatment of the minority in society today. Composed by playwright Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy of the People, confronts the powerful and ignorant majority. â€Å" While he indicts and ridicules the piggishness of the conservative leadership of the town, he does not consider them to be â€Å"the most dangerous enemies of truth and freedom.† This distinction is reserved for â€Å"the damned compact Liberal majority.† For â€Å"it is the majority in our communityRead MoreCritical Analysis of Zaabalawi by Naguib Mahfouz6285 Words   |  26 Pages 1 No. 20; December 2011 The Battle between Responsibility and Manipulation in Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"An Enemy of the People† Noorbakhsh Hooti Assistant Professor Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Amin Davoodi EFL Instructor The Adults Department of the Iran Language Institute, Kermanshah branch Kermanshah, Iran. Abstract Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"An Enemy of the People† centers on two important concepts: â€Å"Responsibility† and â€Å"Manipulation†. Sense ofRead MoreIbsen11859 Words   |  48 Pages______________________________ Neal Brasher, M.F.A. Committee Member ______________________________ Kenneth Cleaver, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ James Nutter, D.A. Honors Director ______________________________ Date Forshey 3 Abstract In Henrik Ibsen’s plays, A Doll’s House, The Wild Duck, The Lady from the Sea, and Hedda Gabler, the theme of captivity is demonstrated in the female protagonists Nora, Hedvig, Ellida, and Hedda. The theme of captivity also serves as a performance guide forRead MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Individual and Society in Modern Drama3272 Words   |  14 Pagesmankind; theirs is the role of observing, criticising and evaluating. A common theme visited by playwrights in modern drama, was the question of the relationship between the individual, and the society in which he lived. The Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen, who wrote in the last half of the 19th Century, broached the subject from a rather feminist angle, stipulating that it was wrong to view an individual woman as a nonentity without rights outside the role of motherhood or marriage; In the 1930sRead MoreIbsen Versus Strindberg5491 Words   |  22 PagesCompare and contrast views of th e family and family relationships shown in the plays of Ibsen and Strindberg, commenting on the relative importance in each case of social and psychological pressures, as well as physical environment, and showing how these are expressed in theatrical terms. This essay will be focusing on three texts written over a three year period: Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler (1890) and August Strindberg’s The Father (1887) and Miss Julie (1888) . In approaching this topic, I

Prospects and Perils in the 21st Century Artificial...

Before you lament the loss of jobs, take a moment and watch how robots earn their role every day in the workplace† The only reason why companies still need at least a few human workers is because machines are still unable to fully grasp common sense and are unable to make decision in a matter of emergency but if a truly artificially intelligent machine was to be created most tasks in the labour force could easy be replaced by machines. There are many different viewpoints on whether Artificial intelligence is something that will affect our societies and community’s in our day to day lives, from a negative and/or a positive aspect. It is too soon to judge whether these machines with AI will take over the world like in the terminator movies, or if they will start out as amazing things that make our lives easier like in ‘I, Robot’, but the one thing that is guaranteed is that it will have a huge impact on our species as whole. People believe that a true AI system will assist us in exploring parts of our planet, solar system and even our universe, by being able to withstand force s (i.e. temperature, weather, etc.) that we as humans could imagine confronting. They will be able to travel through space without worrying about age and will be able to make decisions based on logical and rational reasons rather than being affected by emotion. People are also correct when they say that if an AI program becomes advanced enough they could easily replace people in the work place:Show MoreRelatedMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesthe rise of pressure group activity, tougher legislation and major industrial disasters. Concern has moved from the local scale to a national and increasingly global scale. The rate of environmental degradation has intensified. 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Nations battled for industrial supremacy using raw materials and creating pollutionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 46 Self-Awareness Assessment 46 Emotional Intelligence Assessment 47 The Defining Issues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and ValuesRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesThus, with their perspective, there is recognition of the importance of having superior human resources. There is little doubt that organizations will need to invest heavily in their human resources in order to be competitive during the twenty-first century. Management scholar Edward Lawler has described these investment requirements as follows: To be competitive, organizations in many industries must have highly skilled, knowledgeable workers. They must also have a relatively stable labor for ce sinceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesMoods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 103 Emotional Labor 108 Affective Events Theory 110 Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 †¢ The Case Against EI 114 †¢ Emotion Regulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesscholars and students of organization theory. Henk W. Volberda, Chair of the Department of Strategic Management Business Environment and Vice-Dean of the RSM Erasmus University, Netherlands At last, a text that brings organization theory into the 21st century! This is the first organization theory textbook to provide full and informed coverage of a range of contemporary developm ents in the field. Notably, it includes diverse contributions to organization theory made by critical management studies. ItRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesincome comes from its customers, not from Wall Street. NEW LEADERSHIP AND NEW MANAGEMENT MODELS ARE REQUIRED TO MEET THE BREADTH OF NEW CUSTOMER DEMANDS Most management leaders fully understand that the one certainty in the volcanic twenty-first-century economy is that the terrain on which their businesses will operate tomorrow will be shaped differently from the terrain of today. They recognize that the business requirement is to lead accordingly, and they know that this type of leadership requiresRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesadding more does nothing for their level of satisfaction. Instead, family and friends make the difference. As McKibben, a social critic, points out, the Western economic culture of â€Å"more is better† may have run its course. It made sense in earlier centuries, when most people had few things and plenty of companions. Now we have the opposite situation – with global warming and resource depletion to boot. What’s a customercentric company to do? Much of the book describes the growing movement of â€Å"buying

Response to Paul Roberts How to Say Nothing in 500 Words free essay sample

In the actual essay Roberts didn’t use this way of writing but in the revision of the details it was intriguing how just delving a little bit more into the subject brought the topic to life. Filling sentences with extra words is something that is easy to do. I have been guilty of it a few times as I’m sure countless others have as well. How Roberts talks about cutting out all the excess wording that is not required is a point in which I can see both sides of. If a person just fills their writing with mostly useless words that don’t necessarily need to be there then it can make the essay unexpressive, and trite. On the other hand, sometimes it does help to put those fillers in. If you just shorten all your sentences to simple necessities it can seem like there is no real disposition or zest to the topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Paul Roberts How to Say Nothing in 500 Words or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words I think that some supplementary wording is necessary but, like most things, when it is overdone it can become tedious. I would probably use Roberts’s advice about not using the usual topics in my future writing.Obviously I’m sure a lot of people have probably used the same topics I have but hopefully my type of writing has brought out some points that they neglected to talk about. I can understand how for an instructor it could be very exhausting to read to same topics in different wording. In writing you should think outside the box, so writing something you know everyone else will be writing about dreadful. You need to go deeper and make yourself stand out in your originality. The use of colorful words is something I commend Roberts for mentioning because that is something I’ve lways tried to do. For authors, I have noticed that this is a method they use often. It makes noticeable difference in the visual aspect of the writing. In everything you write it’s good to be able to bring out the imagery of what you’re writing. When people can take what they read and turn it into a visual story playing inside their head, it can seem like the reader is living within the story. Instead of just writing a dreary sentence with no character to it, you could show vibrancy and make the image come to life with only a few descriptive words.Paul Roberts has some very strong, useful information in what he provided. He gave excellent advice on what you should and should not do in an essay that personally I think all writers that are just starting out need to know. It’s not the boring common sense reading that everyone should already know. It is actually useful and I think that if a person used this information it would show an amazing change in the depth of their writing. I intend to use this information to my benefit throughout this course and on into the future.

Why CSR has Relevance to those working in the Operation Domain

Corporate social responsibilities are forms of regulatory strategies developed by corporate bodies to safeguard their interest in competitive markets. This helps organisations to regulate their operations internally without requiring external organisations to ensure that they adhere to rules and regulations set by authorities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why CSR has Relevance to those working in the Operation Domain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, organisations have the mandate of ensuring that shareholders’ needs and expectations are safeguarded in all their operations. Corporate social responsibility is also known as corporate citizenship because an organisation has to carry out its operation and follow processes similar to those followed by human beings in foreign countries (Werther and Chandler 2010, p. 56). Organisations have to consider customers, employees, communities around them , the environment and stakeholders in decisions they make regarding organisational operations. Globalisation is the term used to describe growing relationships among people, culture and economic activities worldwide. This has been promoted by development and advancement of global communication networks which have helped people to interact freely. Global transportation networks have been improved, hence making people to tour the whole world in search of business opportunities. These economic factors have played key roles in globalisation since people have started businesses in different parts of the world in the recent past. Globalisation has helped in enhancing economic activities in different parts of the globe, and this has been achieved through removal of trade barriers by nations in the world. This has promoted distribution of finished goods and technology throughout the world hence advancing the principles of comparative advantage among players in international markets (Mullera t and Brennan 2010, p. 67). Organisations have to merge principles of globalisation and corporate social responsibilities whenever they are carrying out business operations around the world. This means that as organisations go international to carry out their business activities they should consider all aspects of corporate social responsibilities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, organisations should extend their services across international borders bearing in mind that laws have to be obeyed. This will avoid situations where organisations are involved in legal battles with foreign nations. Operations personnel in any organisation that is taking part in international business should make sure that they plan on how to venture into nations after acquiring permission from their authorities. This means that organisation managers should ensure that rules in target countries are adhered to and all taxes are paid before taking their goods or services into the market. Although nations should make sure that they remove barriers that discourage foreign investors from venturing into their markets, organisations should take it as their responsibility to find out all requirements that are set by such nations for foreigners intending to do business in their territories (Hopkins 2003, p.34). By doing this, the company plays one of its corporate social responsibilities where organizations are expected to obey laws hence paying taxes to governments. It is in the law for every citizen to pay taxes to the government hence corporate organisations should ensure that they comply with taxation laws for all countries. Operations personnel in organisations should ensure that they adapt environmental friendly operations for their organisations. This means that as they produce goods or services for global market, environment should be considered in order to enhanc e sustainability. For example, they should adapt the use of renewable sources of power such as wind and solar energy in order to conserve the environment. In addition, organisations should ensure that they keep the environment clean in all countries where they sell their products. This should be achieved by observing rules set by different nations regarding conservation of the environment. For instance, they should be able to adjust their packaging materials in accordance with environmental regulations set by different countries. This means that they should consider using materials that are less costly and friendly to the environment (Brejning 2012, p.54).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why CSR has Relevance to those working in the Operation Domain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, they should ensure that as they cross international borders selling their products, they educate people on the importan ce of conserving the environment. Organisations should ensure that they use environmental friendly methods when transporting their goods to international markets. This can be achieved by making use of electrical trains to ferry goods to the markets in countries where they operate. This helps in reduction of carbon emission to the environment which leads to global warming hence adversely affecting climate. Corporate organisations have responsibilities of making sure the environment is protected. They should not neglect these responsibilities as they engage in global business activities. International business should give organisations opportunities to provide quality products to global customers. Therefore, operations personnel in organisations should make sure that they develop products that meet global customers’ requirements. This is vital for the organisation because customers from different parts of the world make their buying decisions based on experiences with certain p roducts. Quality products and services lead to customer satisfaction, which leads to customer loyalty hence market stability for the organisation. For instance, Coca-Cola Company has operations in many countries of the world, and they have been able to maintain their quality hence making it impossible for competitors to beat them in the market (Boeger 2008, p. 98). This means that global customers may become loyal to certain products due to quality hence enabling the company to remain reaping from global markets. In fact, putting customer needs first is extremely crucial for organisations that are considering going global since they have to capture a large market share in order to survive. Some organisations fail to achieve their goals by going global without proper planning on how to ensure that their corporate social responsibilities be aimed at maximizing profits. Operations personnel in organisations involved in international business should ensure that they empower employees in order to achieve organisational goals. It is vital for organisations to respect workers and create friendly working environments for them in order to succeed in global markets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees are faces of organisations hence they should be handled in a humane manner to ensure that they focus on achievements of organisational goals. For example, Barclays bank has operations in several countries, in the world, and they recruit local people to work in branches located in various countries. This is important because the community benefits from the venture of the bank in their country’s financial market. Corporate social responsibilities include aligning organisations operations with activities aimed at promoting the wellbeing of communities (Aras and Crowther 2010, p. 67). Therefore, recruiting people from communities where the organisation is located in target global markets uplift lives of people since they get employment. Employment helps people to get money to fund their up keep hence making their lives better. In addition, organisations should consider taking part in community development projects, in nations where they run their businesses. This is vit al as it helps in creating awareness of organisations’ existence and their products to local people hence increasing their market share. When organisations help in funding community based projects, they interact with local people and this gives them opportunities to market their products to among members of the community. References Aras, G Crowther, D 2010. A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility. Gower Publishing, Ltd, Michigan. Boeger, N 2008. Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility. Edward Elgar Publishing, New York. Brejning, J 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Welfare State: The Historical and Contemporary Role of Csr in the Mixed Economy of Welfare. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., New York. Hopkins, M 2003.The Planetary Bargain: Corporate Social Responsibility Matters. Earthscan, Sydney. Mullerat, R Brennan, D 2010. Corporate Social Responsibility: The Corporate Governance of the 21st Century. Kluwer Law International, London. Werth er, W Chandler, D 2010. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Stakeholders in a Global Environment. SAGE, London. This essay on Why CSR has Relevance to those working in the Operation Domain was written and submitted by user Mikaela Patrick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Academic Prose Styles

Definition and Examples of Academic Prose Styles Academese is an informal, pejorative term for the specialized language (or jargon) used in some scholarly writing and speech. Bryan Garner notes that academese is characteristic of academicians who are writing for a highly specialized but limited audience, or who have a limited grasp of how to make their arguments clearly and succinctly (Garners Modern American Usage, 2016). The Tameri Guide for Writers  defines academese as an artificial form of communication commonly used in institutes of higher education designed to make small, irrelevant ideas appear important and original. Proficiency in academese is achieved when you begin inventing your own words and no one can understand what you are writing. Examples and Observations Dale was not a good writer. Trust me on this. . . . [I]n training to be an academic, Dale was crippled by the need to write in academese. It is not a language formed by any human tongue, and few, if any, academics survive the degradation of it to move on to actual prose.(Dan Simmons, A Winter Haunting. William Morrow, 2002)There is original thought here, but the reader is immediately confronted by the language academics apparently use to communicate with one another. Sometimes it reads like a translation from the German, at others that they are merely trying to impress or indulging in a verbal cutting contest. Here are a few of the words you should be prepared to encounter: hermeneutics, commodified, contextualizing, conceptualize, hyperanimacy, taxonomic, metacritical, rhizome, perspectivizing, nomadology, indexical, polysemy, auratic, reification, metonymic, synecdoche, biodegradability, interstitial, valorize, diegetic, allegoresis, grammatology, oracy, centripetality, and esempla stic.(Stanley Dance in a review of two anthologies of jazz studies; quoted by George E. Lewis in A Power Stronger Than Itself. University of Chicago Press, 2008) Vernacular Equivalents to Academese[E]ffective academic writing tends to be bilingual (or diglossial), making its point in Academese and then making it again in the vernacular, a repetition that, interestingly, alters the meaning. Here is an example of such bilingualism from a review of a book on evolutionary biology by a professor of ecology and evolution, Jerry A. Coyne. Coyne is explaining the theory that males are biologically wired to compete for females. Coyne makes his point both in Academese, which I italicize, and in the vernacular, staging a dialogue in the text between the writers (and the readers) academic self and his lay self: It is this internecine male competitiveness that is assumed to have driven not only the evolution of increased male body size (on average, bigger is better in a physical contest), but also of hormonally mediated male aggression (there is no use being the biggest guy on the block if you are a wallflower). It is this type of bridge discourse that en ables nonspecialists and students to cross from their lay discourse to academic discourse and back. . . .In providing a vernacular equivalent of their Academese, writers like Coyne install a self-checking device that forces them to make sure they are actually saying something. When we recast our point in vernacular terms, we do not simply throw out a sop to the nonspecialist reader, much less dumb ourselves down. Rather we let our point speak itself better than it knows, to come out of the closet in the voice of the skeptical reader.(Gerald Graff, Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures the Life of the Mind. Yale University Press, 2003) If you cannot write about it so that anyone who buys the paper has a reasonable chance of understanding it, you dont understand it yourself.(Robert Zonka, quoted by Roger Ebert in Awake in the Dark. University of Chicago Press, 2006)Varieties of AcademeseCritics outside the academy tend to assume that academese is one thing, public discourse another. But in fact there are major differences of standards ranging from field to field: what constitutes evidence or valid argument, what questions are worth asking, what choices of style will work or even be understood, which authorities can be trusted, how much eloquence is permitted.(Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Rhetoric: The Quest for Effective Communication. Blackwell, 2004)Lionel Trilling on the Language of Non-ThoughtA specter haunts our cultureit is that people will eventually be unable to say, They fell in love and married, let alone understand the language of Romeo and Juliet, but will as a matter of course say Their libidinal imp ulses being reciprocal, they activated their individual erotic drives and integrated them within the same frame of reference.Now this is not the language of abstract thought or of any kind of thought. It is the language of non-thought. . . . There can be no doubt whatever that it constitutes a threat to the emotions and thus to life itself.(Lionel Trilling, The Meaning of a Literary Idea. The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society, 1950) Passive Voice in AcademeseIf your style has been corrupted by long exposure to academese or business English, you may need to worry about the passive. Make sure it hasnt seeded itself where it doesnt belong. If it has, root it out as needed. Where it does belong, I think we ought to use it freely. It is one of the lovely versatilities of the verb.(Ursula K. Le Guin, Steering the Craft. Eighth Mountain Press, 1998) Pronunciation: a-KAD-a-MEEZ Also see: Academic WritingBafflegabGobbledygookLanguage at  -ese: Academese, Legalese, and Other Species of GobbledygookRegisterStyleUnder the Flapdoodle Tree: Doublespeak, Soft Language, and GobbledygookVerbiageVerbosity

5 Pillars of Archaeological Method

5 Pillars of Archaeological Method I was horrified at hearing of the rough shoveling out of the contents and protested that the earth ought to be pared away inch by inch to see all that was in it, and how it lay. WM Flinders Petrie, describing how he felt at eight years of age, on seeing the excavation of a Roman villa. Between 1860 and the turn of the century, five basic pillars of scientific archaeology were enunciated: the ever growing importance of stratigraphic excavation; the significance of the small find and plain artifact; the diligent use of field notes, photography and plan maps to record excavation processes; the publication of results; and the rudiments of cooperative excavation and indigenous rights. The Big Dig Undoubtedly the first move in all of these directions included the invention of the big dig. Up until that point, most excavations were haphazard, driven by the recovery of single artifacts, generally for private or state museums. But when Italian archaeologist Guiseppe Fiorelli [1823-1896] took over the excavations at Pompeii in 1860, he began excavating entire room blocks, keeping track of stratigraphic layers, and preserving many features in place. Fiorelli believed that the art and artifacts were of secondary importance to the real purpose for excavating Pompeiito learn about the city itself and all its inhabitants, rich and poor. And, most critical for the growth of the discipline, Fiorelli began a school for archaeological methods, passing along his strategies to Italians and foreigners alike. It cant be said that Fiorelli invented the concept of the big dig. German archaeologist Ernst Curtius [1814-1896] had been attempting to amass funds for an extensive excavation since 1852, and by 1875 began excavating at Olympia. Like many sites in the classical world, the Greek site of Olympia had been the subject of much interest, especially its statuary, which found its way into museums all over Europe. When Curtius came to work at Olympia, it was under the terms of a negotiated deal between the German and Greek governments. None of the artifacts would leave Greece (except for duplicates). A small museum would be built on the grounds. And the German government could recoup the costs of the big dig by selling reproductions. The costs were indeed horrific, and German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was forced to terminate the excavations in 1880, but the seeds of cooperative scientific investigations had been planted. So had the seeds of political influence in archaeology, which were to profoundly affect the young science during the early years of the 20th century. Scientific Methods The real increases in techniques and methodology of what we think of as modern archaeology were primarily the work of three Europeans: Schliemann, Pitt-Rivers, and Petrie. Although Heinrich Schliemanns [1822-1890] early techniques are today often disparaged as not much better than a treasure-hunter, by the latter years of his work at the site of Troy, he took on a German assistant, Wilhelm DÃ ¶rpfeld [1853-1940], who had worked at Olympia with Curtius. DÃ ¶rpfelds influence on Schliemann led to refinements in his technique and, by the end of his career, Schliemann carefully recorded his excavations, preserved the ordinary along with the extraordinary, and was prompt about publishing his reports. A military man who spent a great deal of his early career studying the improvement of British fire-arms, Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers [1827-1900] brought military precision and rigor to his archaeological excavations. He spent a not-inconsiderable inheritance building the first extensive comparative artifact collection, including contemporary ethnographic materials. His collection was decidedly not for beautys sake; as he quoted T.H. Huxley: The word importance ought to be struck out of scientific dictionaries; that which is important is that which is persistent. Chronological Methods William Matthew Flinders Petrie [1853-1942], known most for the dating technique he invented known as seriation or sequence dating, also held high standards of excavation technique. Petrie recognized the inherent problems with large excavations, and assiduously planned them out ahead of time. A generation younger than Schliemann and Pitt-Rivers, Petrie was able to apply the basics of stratigraphic excavation and comparative artifact analysis to his own work. He synchronized the occupation levels at Tell el-Hesi with Egyptian dynastic data, and was able to successfully develop an absolute chronology for sixty feet of occupational debris. Petrie, like Schliemann and Pitt-Rivers, published his excavation findings in detail. While the revolutionary concepts of archaeological technique advocated by these scholars gained acceptance slowly around the world, there is no doubt that without them, it would have been a much longer wait. Sources A bibliography of the history of archaeology has been assembled for this project. History of Archaeology Part 1: The First ArchaeologistsPart 2: The Effects of the EnlightenmentPart 3: Is the Bible Fact or Fiction?Part 4: The Astounding Effects of Orderly MenPart 5: The Five Pillars of Archaeological Method Bibliography

Bilingualism in Politics in the United States Essay

Bilingualism in Politics in the United States - Essay Example Some people argue that multilingualism in politics will create confusion among the people because voting is used to determine senate members and the president. This poses a threat to the American presidential candidates because the Hispanic vote is influential. Presidential candidates have been keen to appeal to the Hispanic voters because they are concentrated in Texas, Illinois, California, Florida and New York, the key states carrying more than half votes required to win the presidency (Schaefer, 2006). Allowing multilingualism in politics may create the impression that illegal immigrants have the right to vote hence threatening the vote power of the natives. Some citizens however support multilingualism and political candidates who support it like for example president Obama. With regard to laws, the natives feel that the US state and federal laws eventually should change so as to reflect specific privileges accorded to the immigrants (Schaefer, 2006). However, a large section of the Hispanics cannot vote because they have not attained US citizenship Hispanic communities have different political organizations reflecting their diverse needs.