Bismarcks appointment of Minister President of Prussia Essay

Bismarck’s appointment of Minister President of Prussia (1862) was the most important turning point in the course of German nationalism in the period 1815-1919? By 1919 Germany had been united, and the nature of nationalism had changed from a freedom seeking, democratic force into one which demanded popular subservience to the state. German nationalism had clearly changed radically over the period of more than one hundred years and defining the turning point at which it changed is difficult due to the sheer number of factors that impacted upon it as well as the vast number of events and organisations which interfered with its development. Otto von Bismarck would become viewed in later years as the father of German nationalism. When he came to power 1862 the Kaiser was looking for a man who could oppose the liberals and force through a favourable army bill. However, within just nine years Germany would have become united, not without the help, though not always willing, from Bismarck. Bismarck effected the unification of Germany almost single-handedly. However, many of the opportunities which Bismarck actually attempted to manipulate were neither created by him nor very successful. Bismarck did not always manage nationalism as effectively as it is suggested. The Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 forced to unite with the southern states in Germany when in reality it would have been unlikely that he desired this. Prussia was still attempting to absorb the north German states and to add the southern states, especially with their un-Prussian culture, risked diluting Prussia’s culture too far. It is clear that in 1890 Bismarck was managed by nationalism because he was forced to resign due to the outpouring of nationalist feeling that resented him attempting to hold Germany in check. He represented the old Germany, a Prussian dominated one and in an effort to find a â€Å"German† chancellor he was removed from office. Even the Dual Alliance in 1879 demonstrated how German nationalism forced him to take actions against his will. With his Prussian upbringing his loyalties more likely lay with Russian rather than Austria and the decline of Austria was increasingly clear for all too see, to join the young, powerful Germany with this crumbling empire would do nothing to help the country yet nationalistic feeling in Germany forced the Alliance. Bismarck’s appointment in 1882 was an important moment in German nationalism but the theory that one man had such an impact upon the fate of a nation does not stand so well in light of deeper scrutiny. The Congress of Vienna held in 1815 helped create an environment which would help the growth of German nationalism. Prussia’s gains in the west of Germany were actually intended by the Allies to be a burden. They had given the smallest of the Great Powers the most difficult job as acting as a barricade against France. However, this would backfire on the Allies when it would later become Germany’s massive industrial growth. It also affected the nature of Prussia, whereas she had previously been a predominantly Eastern European power she now had a pan-German outlook, though it appeared to begin with that she had little in common with her western population. The distance between the two main blocks of land meant that transporting goods between the two would prove difficult and this would spur the creation and development of the Prussian Customs Union in 1818 which would later become the Zollverein in 1834. However, when at the Congress of Vienna the Allies faced the question of â€Å"what is Germany† they fell back on historical precedent, the Holy Roman Empire. This can be seen as a retrospective step because it actually excluded areas of both Austria and Prussia, as well as making many of the smaller states much larger. The Congress of Vienna was not a turning point in German nationalism, but without it the nature of Germany could have been very different from that with which we are familiar if it existed at all. The creation of the Zollverein in 1834 was a critical turning point for German nationalism, formed from the Prussian Customs Union in 1818. Thomas Nipperdy described the creation of the Zollverein as â€Å"the outstanding event in all-German history†. Given the basis as a pan-German union it improved the contacts between all of the German states, encouraging them to work together for mutual benefit and broke down barriers between the regions of Germany both officially and culturally. It is often the case that economic unity leads to political as appears to be the case with the EU, formerly the European Economic Community (EEC) and the push for a European constitution. However, German political unity was far from inevitable, many Germans now saw political unity as obsolete because they achieved all the benefits of such a union without the risk of losing any of their own unique regional culture. The Zollverein was also critical in training a new cadre of diplomats for Prussia and teaching them to administer a â€Å"German† organisation, experience which would be invaluable in the post-unification era. Bismarck once declared in a speech to the North German Reichstag in 1869 that â€Å"He who has his thumb on the purse has the power† and by taking the economic leadership of the German states Prussia rose importantly and a Kleindeutsch solution to the German problem became much more feasible. It also struck a double blow in this respect. It not only made a Prussian-led Germany more likely but it made an Austrian-led Germany less likely. Because of her exclusion from the customs union the Austrian economy suffered and her already fragile market became on step closer to failing and this would be one of the major reasons for her defeat to Prussia. The use of the economy mirrored the nature of German nationalism; initially it was a liberal move, the reduction of trade barriers embodied by the introduction of the Zollverein. However, by the time unification was achieved economic policy turned its back on liberalism and the economic protectionism Bismarck employed against Russia helped show how far nationalism had changed. The Zollverein would form the template upon which the German Empire would eventually be founded, a kleindeutsch dominated by Prussia. Some historians even go so far to view the whole of the unification of Germany as purely an economic transaction, that it was not driven by political ideology but by the cold logic of money and economic expansionism. The Zollverein did represent an important twist in the history of German nationalism but it did not utterly change the face of the ideology but simply made the prospect more likely. In addition to this, the success of the Zollverein would provide the necessary environment for the rapid expansion of industry within German and this would have a critical impact upon nationalism. 1848 can very easily be viewed as the critical turning point in the history of German nationalism. It is often seen as a turning point about which history failed to turn, and it is this very failure which makes it such an important date in the history of German nationalism. 1848 presented revolutionary factions within Germany, and other countries throughout Europe, with a window of opportunity. In Paris the Second Republic is established in a welter of violence; in Sicily the Palermo Uprising takes place; in Hungary revolution boils over; Swedish revolutionaries are gunned down by their government and in Ireland the potato famine sparks the Tipperary Revolt. To the established order it appeared that stability was breaking down and anarchy threatened them. It was in this climate of exceptional change that the German revolutionary effort failed. The dithering incompetence of the middle classes, coupled with their glaring impotence discredited liberal politics and any idea of a revolution from below. This would prove potentially dangerous for the development of German nationalism. Divorced from its liberal and democratic roots it became a force of the right and of the paternalist government. This resulted in the desire for individual freedoms being sacrificed for the will of state. The government was paranoid about the dangers of the socialist movement within Germany, but they actually shared many common ideals, most markedly the concept of the priority of the state over the individual. It became obvious that power and change could not be achieved without the power of an army to back themselves; Bismarck summarised this problem in his most famous speech â€Å"the great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions – that was the error of 1848 – but by iron and blood†. Given our knowledge of how German nationalism developed into a violent, racist, militaristic force it is clear to see that 1848 was a seminal moment in its development, the pre-1848 liberal, French-styled nationalism became a force of the militant right. 1848 also represented a turning point for German nationalism in a European context. It appeared that countries were naturally progressing from being authoritarian monarchies to becoming nationalistic, liberal democracies. Germany’s refusal to follow this trend fundamentally altered the nature of German nationalism. This turning point about which history failed to turn left something rotten at the core of German nationalism. The change from idealism to brutal pragmatism, combined with the machinations of Bismarck and the authoritarian government meant that the German people’s cause was subverted and used as a weapon against those European powers who had abused Germany for such a long time. On the 18th of January 1871 the German Empire was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. This can easily be seen as a turning point in German nationalism, it finally created what the nationalists had been striving for over the past half century. Though it is true that the majority of what then became Germany existed in the North German Confederation created 4 years earlier after Prussia’s victory over Austria it represented a subtle but important shift in the history of German nationalism and the process of reaching the announcement played a very important role in defining the new Germany. Even the date upon which the Empire was announced held special significance, 270 years earlier the first Elector of Brandenburg was crowned King in Prussia. This clearly symbolically established Prussian hegemony over the newly created German Reich. Even the fact that the proclamation was made at Versailles was more significant than simple a quick expediency. Were the proclamation were to be made in Berlin, the capital of the new Empire, it would have most likely been made in Parliament. For Bismarck this would have been intolerable, in his eyes it was the army and their feudal, warlord leaders who had united the new empire rather than the romantic liberals and their â€Å"speeches and majority votes†. The Reich was declared in the home of imperial power, Versailles was the benchmark against which all other symbols of imperial might were measured and it clearly showed how the ruling elite of the new Germany planned to rule the country. It would be easy to say that it was a simple political humiliation for the French to have their enemies declare their new country in the French capital but to do this would ignore the deeper significance of both the time and place it was made. Nationalism within Germany underwent many changes over the period from 1815 to 1919. It suffered from a gradual change from its ideals over the time and it is difficult to differentiate between the impacts that the different potential turning points had on German nationalism. However, the most seminal moment in the history Germany nationalism was when it shifted indelibly from the idealists’ views to the pragmatic views of the industrialists within the country. 1866 can be seen as the turning point in the unification of Germany rather than a turning point in the nature of German nationalism. The failure of democracy in 1848 at a time when many other revolutions had succeeded left many Germans with the view that it would only be through violence and warfare â€Å"blood and iron† that their dreams would ever be realised.

Environmental health Essay

Environmental health is the study of how the world around us affects our health. This can be from air pollution to global warming and everything in between. The goal is to determine how the world impacts overall human health. And, the initial information is not good. In 2005, the World Helath Organization reported that each year 3 million children under the age of five die from environmental related causes (â€Å"How Healthy is Your World? † 2005). In essence all of human health, except genetics and maybe that too, is affected by the environment. It affects the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe, but too many people take it for granted, not realizing there are things that can be done to improve the environment and its impact on humanity. One of the first and most important things to improve about your personal environment is the quality of the air that you breathe. First and foremost, it is important to avoid tobacco smoke. This is one of the foremost indoor air pollutants and is easily avoidable Other toxins can build up in a well-sealed indoor environment and should be guarded against. They include chemical vapors from cleaning products, carpeting and other petro-chemical products used indoors (Landgren 2005). The problem is that in many indoor environments there is no filtration system so these pollutants build up and make people ill. Recently, scientists have found that indoor air pollution is worse than outdoor air pollution. Another important factor in environmental health is outdoor air pollution. Though some cities worldwide are particularly known for their pollution that does not mean it is not a problem elsewhere as well. In Hong Kong, for example, recent research shows that the poorest part of the city have the worst air pollution (Stern 2003). In the wake of the September 11, 2001, attack on New York City air quality tests showed heavy particulates and cancer-causing materials present in much of the air (â€Å"Potential exposure† 2003). In addition, hefty amounts of green-houses gases in the city, presumably related to the use of fossil fuels for transportation have led to increasing rates of asthma and other breathing related illnesses (Misner 2003). To combat these environmental issues, we must find ways to cut our use of individual vehicles, car pooling more, using mass transit and using other means of transportation including walking and riding bicycles. Another major issue we must address to improve the impact the environment has on our health is the availability of clean drinking water. In parts of India where sanitation is inadequate, the water is polluted and contributes to the spread of disease. In other areas, such as part of the American southwest, population centers have developed in areas with inadequate water to support the population. We must begin serious water conservation efforts and find new ways to process waste so that it does not contaminate the water supply. Another important issue to address is the use of products determined to be toxins. Though efforts have been made to stop using lead-based paint, lead levels in some areas are still too high, causing lead poisoning. In addition, a recent study shows that in areas with high lead levels, there is a corresponding rise in crime (Stretesky 2004). It is important that we enact stricter regulations to remove these known carcinogens from our environment. Lead has been removed from gas and paint but is still being used in other products and is escaping to the air we breathe. Finally, if we want to serious impact the environment around us and the impact it has on our personal health, it is important that we recycle and buy recycled products. Too many things are going to the landfill, using up previous land to fill it with trash and allowing run off from the decaying trash to endanger our water supply and food sources. We must seriously reduce our need to buy and throw things if we want to keep the land healthy and by extension keep ourselves healthy.

Mixed Economy

This paper is to be submitted to Mr. Booker as an assignment. It essentially focuses on two questions: a) How does the free market deal with the fundamental question of micro-economics? b) What problems are posed by merit, demerit and public goods? Fundamental question of micro-economics So, first, what is economics? According to Paul A. Samuelson, economics is â€Å"the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people. † Very briefly, we may summarise that economics is the study of how people choose to use resources. The economic problem is said to arise when we have scare resources to satisfy our unlimited wants. As a result of this problem, which is sometimes called the problem of scarcity, choices have to be made over the following points: 1. What to produce? A classic question here that we often heard of is â€Å"Butter or cannon? † Should an economy produce more consumer goods, e. g. TVs, which can immediately raise people’s living standards, or put more resources into produce more machinery that would enhance the economy’s production capability in the long run? How to strike a balance over the quantities of diffident goods are going to be produced is well worth considering for the decision-makers. 2. How to produce? Generally, what we expect the market going to do is to obtain maximum use out of resources available. This is obvious, but some other issues besides purely economic concerns also should be considered. For example, even though we could produce more goods by forcing labours to accept longer working-hours; this is not something we should do, since there exists moral objections. So, the decision to maximise output and satisfy more wants would need to consider the full impact on the environment and any potential long-term health risks. 3. For whom to produce Though, on the surface, almost all the countries agree that the wealth allocating system in an economy should be â€Å"fair† for both the poor and the better off; in fact, there are some attempts to create a more egalitarian society through policies that re-distribute wealth and income society from the rich to the poor in some capitalism countries, but they are merely self-deceiving, from my point of view. The reason is quite straightforward: the powerful capitalists are the very people who actually operate the political machine in capitalism countries; never would they enact laws which may deprive them of their wealth, would they? (Pardon me for holding such an â€Å"extreme† opinion, Mr. Booker, but I have to be honest! ) Factors of production Now, in the next two pages, let’s sort out four types of resources involved in a production process, known as factors of production: i) Land. In economics, land refers to all natural resources, which can either be renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources are replaced automatically by nature and so can be used on a continual basis, e. g. rivers; non-renewable resources, in contrast, are not automatically replaced, e. g. fossil fuels. Land is probably the most occupationally mobile of economic resources. However, land is absolutely geographically mobile- we can never move land from Suzhou to Suzhou! ii) Labour Labours are th e people who actually working in a production process. Labours are often not occupationally and geographically mobile due to a series of reasons, e. g. lack of skills or reluctance to accept a higher house price in another place. iii) Enterprise or entrepreneurship An entrepreneur is someone who put the other three resources together into production. Two functions that this factor carries out: a) To organise the other economic resources. b) To take risks involved in the production. Some risks, including fire, theft and flood, can be insured against but others, like costs of production rising, tastes changing, cannot. The entrepreneur is considered as the most mobile of economic resources. They are usually versatile. For example, an entrepreneur who is organising the production of a shoes manufacturing factory is very like to have the ability to run a clothes-making firm; they are also often willing to move from one area to another, since they are always seeking the place where they can make the most profit! iv) Capital goods Capital goods which may be also called producer goods are any man-made aids to production, e. g. ffices, warehouses or a printer. Most machines, equipment and processed raw materials are geographically mobile, even there may involve extra transportation cost, but goods such as factories, offices are not. Many specialised machines e. g. sausage machines are occupationally immobile; while others which are of general use, like a printer, can be occupationally mobile. Economic systems There mainly exist three kinds of economies, the command economy, the free market economy and th e mixed economy. 1. The free market economy In a free market economy decisions on how resources are to be allocated are taken by households and firms. The key point is that they interact as buyers and sellers in the market for goods and services. Prices act to indicate the likely market value of particular resources. Figure 1: A Circular Flow Diagram of a Free Market Economy Many economists believe that in a free market economy, the price system is an â€Å"invisible hand†, which brings together private and social interests in a harmonious way and the government is of no need to intervene the conomic activities; this is the fundamental philosophy underpinning the workings of the market economy. However, in my opinion, even though the markets can play a very important role to a great extent, the government need to intervene in order to obtain a sustainable, continuous economic growth. A best example could be U. S. , which was proud of having the most characters of the free market economy, is now in a great hurry to natio nalise AIG and many other banks in the economic crisis.

Einstein's Ideas on Science and Religion Term Paper

Einstein's Ideas on Science and Religion - Term Paper Example The story begins thus, "I tell myself I am not looking for God. I am looking for an elision that is nevertheless a contour." (175) He travels to the desert, a solely deserted place devote of significant life to find the only sole God that all people and religions have believed in, to this the author says, "I have come to the Holy Land because the God of the Jews, Christians, and Muslims-a common God revealed Himself in the desert." (176) this is indeed a logical reasoning that the author believes that there is some religion truth in this place. Quite contrastingly, this land that is supposed to be holy is marred by blood and no human life. Einstein critically presents his arguments and points out the limitations of the human intellectual ability as individuals entangled in ‘religion fear’ (1) to secure favor in solving the human miseries. In Einstein’s Personal god, religion beliefs and science are presented as antagonists, but he further suggests that serious sci entific workers are also the most profoundly the most religious people. The most outstanding feature of Einstein’s characteristics is his language about religion and science. The desire to experience the cosmos as a single whole sprouts from human’s perspective of the world as some kind of prison to him. This thought already brings forth the idea of cosmic religion which emanates from mans fear of uncertainty. To limit dogma and lots of theology, Einstein does not rule out the prospects of a future cosmic religion. He foresees a religion that goes beyond personal God. This religion majorly based on sense of emanating from the encounter of all spiritual and natural things that when combined form an ideal and meaningful unity. From his perspective, science brings to life religion and those who accept it internalize it. Einstein argues that humans are usually driven by some sort of internal needs as they seek religious interpretation. The main force for human would be in most instances for a ‘feeling and longing’. (1) It is the fear of these that tend to provoke human emotions throughout religious life. This religion concept where one fears sickness, death or hunger is what Einstein describes as a ‘religion fear’ by constantly using the word ‘religion fear’ the author implies that human beings do not go to church to seek spiritual guidance but rather they attend church from the fears that emanate deep within. The author generally groups these religion fears into hunger, pain or comfort. Moreover, Einstein describes a second type of religion belief that emanates from social impulses. He attempts to justify that ‘the desire for guidance, love, and support prompts men to form social conception of God.’ (3) God who the human race believes to provide, protect and even offer rewards and punishments; this ‘personal god’ as the author describes is able to even provide ‘life and offer com fort during difficult times of sadness and ‘unsatisfied longing’ and ‘he who is also able to preserve the soul of the dead.’ (3) A common religious orientation with the above types of religion is what Einstein describes as ‘anthropomorphic character of their conception of God’ (4) exhibited by low level individuals. It is therefore based on these two low level of human understanding and belief about religion that Einstein expunges a new religion dimension which he also admits is ‘rarely found in pure form’ (4) this is what he calls ‘Cosmic religion’ (4) which is characterized by human desires and personal quest to ‘reveal themselves both in nature and in the world of thought.’ By using the word â€Å"Anthropomorphic cha

Industrial Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial Relations - Essay Example The collective bargaining of the union has greatly facilitated the welfare of the workforce and has promoted their interest amongst the management. According to Claude Bernard, ‘Art is I; Science is We’ (Bernard). Indeed, the strategic leadership of the management and the union significantly promote better relationship to maintain smooth operation. Like science, the union leaders are much more informed and constantly make efforts to improve and improvise relationship between the employee and employer and ensure that workforce is not exploited. They strike hard bargain with the management in the interest of the working class. Then again, one can broadly define art as a creative expression of oneself. It is individualistic and normally confined to the interest of one person, even though it might have significance for others. The science, on the other hand, is not exclusive and the outcome of scientific experiments has direct impact on people at large and applies universally. Indeed, in science, what affects one person, has the same concern for others also. This works best for labor unions because if the union fights for the injustice of one employee in an organization, the result of that negotiation applies for others also. This has specially become significant in the contemporary times of recession when businesses are going in for large lay off of the workforce. The repercussion of loss of job for one person is as traumatic as for others. So the unions across the regions and nations are working hard towards coming come up with creative forms of negotiations to wards of employees lay off. A case in point is the role of unions in Virginia where ‘unions have played a major role in local races, including making a $50,000 contribution to Fairfax County Supervisor Sharon Bulovas campaign for board chairman. And they are preparing to dedicate significant resources to this years hotly contested campaign for governor’

Reward Principles and Performance Management in Organisations Assignment

Reward Principles and Performance Management in Organisations - Assignment Example The researcher states that the primary objective of performance management is to develop capacity in terms of both abilities and required skills for employees to achieve the set targets in an organization. Further, it enables individuals within an organization to discover their full potential, which enhances excellent performance in their tasks within an organization. In addition, it aims at enabling non-performers within an organization to do what is required. Communication is also an important component in this area where management aims at ensuring proper and organized communication within an organization. Also, reward strategies should also be considered to ensure that the performing employees are rewarded in the right way in order to motivate them. Performance management implementation in organizations faces a myriad of challenges. They can be either internal or external; hence, it is the role of management to ensure that all these challenges are handled with immediate effect. F irstly, the process experiences integration issues within the organization. Communication and cooperation must be enhanced in all the departments that are involved in this system. In most cases, the culture that has been adopted by the employees within an organization always has an impact in these areas. This is because they are people involved in departments, which are expected to enhance the efficiency of the system in an organization. All systems within an organization must be harmonized to ensure the success and reliability of this system. This also comes in hand with design challenges within the system. In some organization, some of the tools, which are designed for the system, do not address immediate needs of an organization in this area. The heads of the departments involved are supposed to seek consultation from experts in the field of ICT and interact with colleagues from other organizations who have implemented a similar strategy within their organization and it has been successful.

Analysis of Strategic Information Systems Research Paper

Analysis of Strategic Information Systems - Research Paper Example Data is collected at all points which act as sources of data which is then converted into needed information during the data processing phase and this, in turn, is made available at an appropriate time when people managing the company needs it. Essentially, information management is all about providing the right information to the right person at the right time. However, due to various reasons that occupy and clutter happenings in the company, we find that the information gets lost in them. Information Management also loses sight of why, when and how the information is needed in order to get targeted output. This would mean that the information management strategy should be clearly in line with the management strategy of the company. Secondly, the information management strategy is needed to ensure that the entire department works in sync. This will become more pronounced when the strength of people in the department grows. The staff in the department needs to get tuned to the management requirements and the strategy that the management of the company has adopted in order to ensure that all the targets of the information needs are met by the department. In order to make sure that this happens, the information department needs to form a strategy which would repeatedly cross-check whether the company's goals and targets are aligned to the targets and goals of the department. Thirdly, information management strategy ensures that there are a clear plan and purpose in the operation of the information department. This will also make sure that everyone in the department knows their own roles and responsibilities. Moreover, when an issue props up, then everyone knows who has to take care of what and thereby ensures smooth incident management as well. Knowledge Management Strategy Every company and organization has its own specific knowledge that is created over a period of time. This happens to ensure the very survival of the company. Knowledge comes about in different ways and means. It resides in drawings, designs that the company makes and in their intelligence properties. All these add up to knowledge and this knowledge needs to be managed properly to ensure that it is available to people who are working in the company when they need it. Knowledge Management is defined as making available in the right knowledge or information or company proprietary data to the right person when he needs it. It is about not enabling knowledge to people who are not supposed to receive it. Much the same way, it is also about people receiving only what they are supposed to receive. Anything above this or below this is not knowledge management. Moreover, who is to receive what kind of knowledge is the strategy that the company would adopt. The company needs to decide how to secure its knowledge packets should be. In most cases, the major quantum of knowledge resides in very minor information.

Quality Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quality Management - Research Paper Example As the head of the Academic Board, I am responsible for the level of quality in the teaching and learning at the UWS. I therefore find it necessary to engage in research to determine a Quality Management Strategy for an improved system of Teaching and Learning in University of West Sydney. The main focus of this paper is the establishment of strategic plan for the implementation of a quality management approach in the UWS. This paper also focuses on implementation of the plan and change management. Among the major recommendations of this paper is promotion of an indiscriminately student-based, quality oriented and feedback based management plan for the teaching and learning program of the UWS. The paper intensely reviews literature and uses critical analysis of facts for clear judgment and accurate recommendations. Introduction Background The University of Western Sydney (UWS) was established 26 years ago. It has a clear mission statement which corresponds with the status which led t o its establishment. The mission is â€Å"To be a university of international standing and outlook, achieving excellence through scholarship, teaching, learning, research and service to its regional, national and international communities, beginning with the people of Greater Western Sydney†. According to the Australian Universities Quality Agency Report (2011), the universities vision was adjusted in the 210-2015 strategic plan. The new vision is aimed at stream-lining the objectives of various departments of the university towards a common vision of â€Å"Bringing knowledge to life in Greater Western Sydney through community and business engagement with our learning and our research† To achieve this, the university needs to establish a Quality Management Strategy for an improved system of Teaching and Learning. Being the head of the Academic Board, I am commissioned to study the current system of Teaching and Learning and establish an efficient and effective Quality Management Strategy designed to boost the existing system of teaching and learning. Statement of the Problem The university has a total of 28,396 students. 11.5% of these students are international students. To cater for the need of this students are a total or 885 Academic staff and 1,278 non-academic staff. As clearly seen for this figures, the university should have clear quality management and assessment mechanisms to manage this great responsibility. Even with the huge number of employees, without an efficient quality assessment technic, they quality of output of efforts of the university is bound to be minimal (Australian Universities Quality Agency, 2011). Australia has made significant efforts in maintaining quality of its high education. these efforts include performance of national audits by a Committee for Quality Assurance in the early 90’s by the national. In the late 1990s, Australia developed a National Quality Benchmarking Manual. The most recent effort toward s assuring quality

Women in the West Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women in the West - Research Paper Example There are groups of researchers that focused on the exploration of the recorded data related to the women in the west. The information presented the expertise of women in different fields such as in the different industries and arts. One of the characteristics of the women of the west considered of importance is the capability to dominate and to survive a work suited for the male gender. Based on the work of Sally Zanjani, the women had been attached to occupations that had been stereotyped for the gender such as â€Å"maids, laundresses, teachers† etc. Although this is the case even in the early 18th to 19th centuries women in small numbers are involved in different ‘male-dominated occupations’ such as being a ‘blacksmith, doctor, truck driver, rodeo champion and even prospector for mining activities’ (Adjani 7). In the light of the said information, it can be considered that the capability of the women of the west to succeed in jobs stereotyped for men is hindered due to the perceived limitations in terms of different reasons, one of which is the physical strength. This view can be related to the manner of dressing (e.g. corsets and dresses) and in carrying themselves with grace and finesse which is as also referred to as ‘cult of true womanhood’ (Zanjani 7). It can be considered that the west had been recognized as a region of courage and endeavor for both genders. This gave the chance to women pioneers and leaders to excel in different fields. In terms of the mining industry, one of the most important icons that represented women’s strength is Fermina Sarras. She is known as the Copper Queen who had been successful in the field dominated by the male gender (Zanjani 20). Other characteristics of the woman of the west are the inspiration and the vision. These attributes can be considered as the main reason that their hard work can compensate for their

Nephew deployment to IRAQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nephew deployment to IRAQ - Essay Example Charlie is a bright, talented and very obedient young man. I have raised him from the time he didn’t know how to clean his own mess until he became the man he is today. I have taught him to be patient and calculate his steps and actions to avoid making mistakes that he cannot later undo. These virtues are the ones that have made him the person he is today in the military. His devotion to his work is what I believe has made his superiors decide to deploy him to Iraq to join his fellow servicemen to serve this country. I therefore have no doubt in my mind and am sure most of the family members will agree to this that Charlie will not let anyone down. He will continue upholding his values and do the country proud. When you go out there Charlie, remember the other servicemen are your brothers and sisters. Take good care of them and always be the peacemaker and uniting factor. Obey your superiors as they know what is best for you. Above all, remember to pray to the almighty for protection and strength to move on despite everything that may be facing you out there in the foreign land. Never make any hasty decisions that may compromise your safety or that of your colleagues. We will be with you in spirit and prayers and may God grant you the necessary protection and wisdom. Take good care of yourself son, we are proud of you and we will miss you terribly. God bless you my dear

International Relation Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Relation Theory - Case Study Example This school of thought argues that this was not normal intervention since it raised questions regarding the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention, the nature of sovereignty statehood and the role of international community to rescue individual and nations at risk. Using the English approach in studying the conflict in Kosovo makes it possible to understand the need of international intervention in relation to rule of sovereignty and general prohibition against use of force. According to social constructivist approach, argues the causes of the riots by the Kosovo students were motivated by political reasons whereby the Kosovar Albanians demanded for republican status within Yugoslavia. In this regard, the actions by the kosovars demonstrated their collective identity in that these demonstrations led to reforms that strengthened Albanian identity. Throughout the 1980’s, there was growth of Yugoslav identification and its implication for the stability of the Yugoslav, but through socialization, people began to view themselves differently. This perception made Yugoslav vulnerable because of lack of state support and the emergence of entrepreneurs using nationalist ideas to pursue a variety of agenda. The rise of nationalist entrepreneurs began to portray Kosovo issue as victimization of Serbs in Kosovo and larger problem with Yugoslavia as a whole. In addition, constructivist theory can be applied in federalism did not serve to answer all of national questions in Yugoslavia. In Kosovo, the Yugoslav idea was not accepted by those of Albanian ethnicity who were majority of the population in the area. The federal structure that confined Albanian population to the status of national minority and Kosovo to sub federal unit has won wider acceptance among Kosovo Albanians. The kosovar Albanians took into uprisings to protest against their incorporation in Yugoslav political structure. This idea manifested in 1980 when the kosovars Albanians rejected the Yugoslav ideas eventually plunging them into deadly conflict. The conflict in Kosovo led to systematic rape, which is identified by international law as war crime. Therefore, liberal feminist seeks to whose law is it because rape is interpreted from gendered viewpoint as attack on woman’s honor. Liberal feminist on the other hand recruited women in the military force. Women helped in provision of services in legal institutions in that they acted as prosecutors and attorneys this was done with the aim of promoting gender equality and preserve public image. In addition, gendered expectation and assumption in conflict resolution is vital in that it gives women a chance to move from victim part, and reclaim their agency and participate actively in recovery process. Critical feminist perspective seek s to understand how the contemporary world order developed and to identify who is hurt or benefit by current array of power relation. In addition, the war led to massive women trafficking and exclusion of women from decision-making based on gendered and ethnicized interpretation of woman’s place in Kosovo society. The question that many historians pose is that what led the United States of America to engage herself in the operation-allied forces in 1999? Unites states had little extrinsic or economic interest in the Balkans after the Soviet Union had collapsed. The republic of Yugoslavia was weak and poor situated on the periphery of Europe. The conflicts in Kosovo caused a security threat to US secondary interest in Europe given that the country was closer to NATO

Kuala Lumpur Essay Example for Free

Kuala Lumpur Essay Since I was in the primary school I always be the shy one. Not knowing what I realy want, and I always live behind the shadow of my big sister. She is the star of the school and I was always ‘Amira’s lile brother’. When she le$ for the secondary school, all the teachers turned to me, expecng me to be the replacement of her but I always thought that I could never (ll those expectaon and I always failed them. A$er all, I was red of living under her shadow. Everyone expecng me to be as good as her in everything. To put it bluntly, I am a lost cause, unl on my 2nd year of high school when I learn that beauful form of art called ‘Dance’. For some people, they always said dancing got no future in it. But, for me it is my life, In 2009, my friends and I has form a dance crew called Huru Hara Crew. At (rst, it’s real hard for us because we never get any support from our family, teachers, and our schoolmate. The hardest part of it is when we joined any compeon, we always lost because of we lack of experience. A$er two years dancing without we had never won any compeon for almost 2years, any silverware, we decided to audion for Showdown 2011. We never passed the audion and almost think to give up our dream. But, the judges word (re us up to be a beer dancer. A month a$er that, we’ve audion for â€Å"Digi Live Sekolahku Berbakat†. For the (rst me, we had pass the audion and got the best four group in Perak region. A$er that, we had been called to be a backup dancer for Zenny Salehuddin for her song Kau Kau. The best part of our success is when we won Disney’s My School Rock dance compeon for two consecuve year. We also won many compeon a$er Digi Live. It changed the percepon of everyone once bashed us. From that day, dance is not just a hobby for us, it’s our LIFE. A$er we taking our SPM examinaon, we had been awarded to be a part of Digi Tour around Malaysia. But, all the lovely part of it had turned to an end when most of us had go to further study. When I was o:ered by KPTM Kl, I had to be pated with my crewmate. I have never felt so lost. We are o:ered by di:erent colleges in di:erent state, it’s really hard me for us to give our commitment for our crew. So I decided to create a new dance crew in my colleges and recruited some of the students. With all experience I had, the crew has been a success. We had won several compeon such as Mos ;ashmob compeon, Karnival Kecergasan Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and we also represenng Kuala Lumpur for compeng in the Naonal Level of Karnival Kecergasan. Hopefully I can get a new experience since I have transfer to KPTM Ipoh to take care of my mother.

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay Abstract This study examines the perceptions and behaviour of Adolescents influence in family decision making in different family circumstances and what products are more influenced through the child more than the adults. The research findings are based on different journal articles that show how much power children have in the decision making process based on different members of the family perceptions and how they get their message across on what they want through coalitions or solely on their own. In terms of family types; single-parent and step-families are increasing in todays society compared to intact families. Its now not unusual for parents to divorce and move on with someone else. This will make an impact on the childs role in family purchase decision making. Being a child in a single-parent family suggests that they have more power in the household whereas being a member of an intact family can cause disruption as there are many people to please in that household. However, in many circumstances the parents perceptions do not always agree with the childs opinion. A number of explanations and examples for this are given. Introduction For a long time, Adolescents have played an important role throughout family purchase decisions, with their capability to have an impact to directly and indirectly influence the decisions families make when purchasing products. (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). This is put into practice throughout all different types of families, whether it is an intact family of 4, a family triad, a single parent family of 1 or a mix matched family making it a step-family. This means the perceptions on adolescent influence in decision making depend on what family the child belongs to. Adolescent behaviour is also important when the child makes an input into the decisions of purchase making. Coalition being the behaviour type authors focused on as children recognized a frequent need for a purchase between more than one family member and in the end created a coalition (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). These include different members of the family working together with the child in order to make a stronger influence on family decisions whether it is a parent or a sibling. Children therefore play a part in family decision making no matter how big or small and the products in question can vary from groceries to holidays. Junk foods, toys, kids clothes and accessories for school are a few of the main products that children have been known to have a strong influence on. (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). Research on how much influence children have on certain products will also be explored. Childrens Behaviour -When and how do they influence buying? Children constitute a huge secondary market by influencing family purchases (McNeal, 2008). As soon as children have established the concept of using communication skills to make demands, they are then more involved in making an influence in family decision making. (Furnham, 1998), showing that from the moment they can talk, they will automatically have an influence on buying highlighting the fact that children are becoming a significant part to the family decision making process on purchases at an early age. The most important behaviour for a child when they influence decision making is the use of knowledge and information. When contemplating child purchase power, research shows that this is known as a uniting topic (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). To get a child to participate in the decision stage of buying, knowledge is a great source as it points out the cleverness or experiences that the children have when a purchase is carried out by a family (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). Inf ormation is also important as it shows whether the child knows about the products in question or not. Knowledge and Information is a significant role in justifying the childs choice of products and is the main factor on how they influence on the buying stage. Parents can decide whether the childs reasons are enough to buy the product in question through their knowledge and information. Studies show that lots of parents encourage the use of knowledge and information and are foreseen characteristic of some family decision making (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). How do coalitions affect adolescents decision on purchasing? Coalition behaviour involves at least two members of a family to get together to form an alliance to influence the end decision of a purchase within a family. This process is often termed majority rule (Pearson, 1989). Majority rule may have a bigger impact than just the childs influence; therefore a child may form a coalition with another family member to make their influence have more of an impact on the final decision of the purchase. However, there have been authors that convey this as lousy behaviour. (Sheth, 1974) and (Belch et al. 1980) felt that coalition would be few and far in between. Coalitions can come in different forms: Mother and child, Father and child or if there is more than one child, siblings could get together. This can benefit the child as one parent might be easily persuaded into giving the child what they want and more understanding of the childs needs. It was distinguished that a significant number of coalitions occurred between mothers and daughters than mo thers and sons concluding that when the same-sex members of a family unite to influence a decision on a product that they have more power than what different-sex members would (Beatty Talpade 1994). This would suggest that daughters had more chance of having a stronger influence in the family household compared to sons when they both wanted to convince their mother of purchasing a product. Family Triads Should the child have an input? Before buying products for any family, there is a decision making process that they must think about in order to come to a concluding decision on what to purchase if they have children. This involves three stages of decision making; gathering information, negotiating within the family and the overall decision on what to buy. Family triads are found to disagree in their perceptions of adolescent influence on both a wide selection of products and general influence in family decision processes. Mothers, fathers and children all, however agree that children have some influence in purchase decisions for a variety of products. Previous research has put forward the fact that two family members can disagree in evaluating purchase decision influence (Burns Hopper 1985). Each member of the family triad had different opinions on how much power the child actually has when deciding on purchasing a product in studies shown in the Journal of Consumer Research. Out of 161 families from North Wester n Towns, The children themselves agreed that they have influence when shopping with parents, suggesting stores, brands and products, paying attention to new products and learning the best buy. Mothers and Fathers also agreed to some extent that the child had general influence on these factors when buying products. However, suggesting the price was one of the factors that all three members of the family agreed that the child does not have influence on the price of products (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989). This concludes that not only does the children themselves think they have influence throughout the decision making process on products but the other members of the family also agree that children should have their say. Overall, family members regarding adolescent purchase decision influence came to the conclusion that: Families that agreed on the same level of childrens influence had older fathers, a concept-oriented family communication style, less children, and a mother who was a housewife. This would suggest that a family triad let their child have more influence than a family with more children would. Other family types does the child have more power in a single-parent family? There are different types of families where a child can influence on family decision making when buying products. Family triads are one but there are also single-parent and step families. Intact families can also have more than one child meaning there are more children to have an influence on the decision making. There has been a growth in rapid social change over the years where parents are divorcing, children are living with only one of their parents or living with people that are from another family due to one of the parents falling in love with someone else. The more a family has differences, the more likely they will have to face difficulties when making important decisions as consumers (cf. Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Denton 1997). Children gain their knowledge and information through events such as going to school, eating out and technology. However, their family members are one of the most important sources a child could possibly have through their period of consumer learning (Moschis and Churchill 1978; Moschis and Moore 1979; Ward 174). This contributes to the fact that children grow up surrounded by their family; therefore they learn from their mothers, fathers or an older sibling. Depending on what family type the child belongs to, there will be a different level of how much influence they have. Studies (Darley and Lim 1986) show that children in single-parent families had greater influence in a family outing decision than did children in dual-parent families, but did not ascertain between intact and step-families. If a child has to convince two parents, it may be difficult as they will both have different opinions on products or will have the same opinion which will overrule the child, therefore a childs influence in a single-parent household will be much stronger as there are less people to convince and the bond between the child and parent will be stronger as they have went through certain circumstances to end up on their own. Two parents can joi n forces to back up each other when they dont agree with the childs influence when purchasing a product (Mangleburg, Grewal, Bristol, 1999). This will make the childrens influence weaker compared to the single-parent household which appears to be much stronger. A single-parent household is seen as the family type to let the child have a stronger influence on decision making when purchasing products as the child only has one parent to do their parental duties which means the parent will have weaknesses in parental control and find it difficult to be the boss all the time meaning the child will have more independence and equal rights to influence to balance out the family (Dornbusch et al. 1985; Hetherington 1988; Thomson, McLanahan, and Curtin 1992). Family type does have an impact on adolescents influence on decision making and specifically, children in single-parent families had greater influence in both types of decisions as compared with children in step families and intact fami lies (Mangleburg, Grewal, Bristol, 1999). Products children have more influence on Junk foods, toys, kids clothes and accessories for school are a few of the main products that children have been known to have a strong influence on (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). This information suggests that children have more power over products and services that they will be experiencing themselves as children tend to have more of an influence in product sections that are most significant to the children themselves (Beatty and Talpade, 1994). Contrasting, children dont have much of an influence on decision making for products that are expensive and not used only by the child (Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b). Expensive items such as cars, TVs and furniture are not influenced as much by children as these as more expensive buys. The adults of the household feel they have more influence on bigger products that will affect the whole of the family. Studies from the Journal of Consumer Research (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989) back this up as out of 161 families from North Western Towns, Both the parents and children feel that the parents should have more say overall on products such as Home computers, cars, furniture and cable TV. It appears that children do have a strong influence when it comes to decision making in the family based on purchasing products. However, the childs influence on certain products is weaker than the parents due to the price and who uses the product. Although some research has found next to nothing child influence for bigger, family buys, others have found higher levels of influence than was foreseen by earlier research ( Foxman Tansuhaj 1988; Lee and Beatty 2002). Family holidays and events that see the family come together to have fun are other purchase decisions that children can play a part in influencing (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). These products are seen as expensive and a treat for all the family, this shows that some authors may find that children dont have much influence on expensive products whereas others will find children do have in fluence on products more expensive than clothes and food. Grocery shopping within different families It has been proven that children have more influence on food shopping than expensive buys in the last section of this review. It has also been proven that children have different levels of influence in different family types whether it is a single-parent or dual-parent family. Studies show even though children have a strong influence on purchasing food, the level of influence differs depending on what family the child belongs to. Children in single-parent families are more likely to take part in family tasks, such as going shopping than other children do in bigger families with their parents relationship still intact. (Weiss 1979; Taylor, Glynn, and Taylor 1985; Peters 1985). This would suggest that the child in the single-parent family will participate more in influencing what is bought for the grocery shop compared to the dual-parent family where there are more people to influence what is bought. Summary and conclusion Adolescents influence the decision making process in the family when purchasing products. However, there are different levels of influence and this depends on what family type the child belongs to as this has an effect on how the parents relationship with the child helps or hinders on how much influence the child has when the decision making process is being done when buying new products differing from groceries, clothes and holidays. The review helped come to the conclusion that the most important behaviour for a child when they influence decision making is the use of knowledge and information. Knowledge and Information is a significant role in justifying the childs choice of products and is the main factor on how they influence on the buying stage. It has been discovered that a childs influence solely on their own against both parents can sometimes be overruled by the parents. This is when the child forms a coalition to get more support to gain a stronger influence on the decision making process It was distinguished that a significant number of coalitions occurred between mothers and daughters than mothers and sons concluding that when the same-sex members of a family unite to influence a decision on a product that they have more power than what different-sex members would (Beatty Talpade 1994). This review suggested that different family types determined the level of influence the child had, this included single-parent families, triad families and step families. However, mothers, fathers and children all agreed that children play a part in influencing a number of products in purchase decisions (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989). Products that children have more influence on were also researched. Findings suggest that products that are actually used by the child themselves and not expensive were found to be the products children had more influence on whereas children have been found to have less influence on decisions making for products that are more expens ive and are not just used by the child themselves (Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b). Grocery shopping is another group of products that children have influence on and the level of influence depends on what family type they belong to. It was found that children belonging to the single-parent family have more influence than children in a dual-parent family. Overall there are different levels of influence a child has when the family are making decisions and it all depends on family types, children behaviour and the products in question.

Introduction to Physiology and Pharmacology

Introduction to Physiology and Pharmacology The aim of this experiment is to prepare a sample of guinea pig ileum and to determine the contractile dose response curve to acetylcholine and dose response curve to carbachol and biological variation. Abstract In this experiment pharmacological effect of acetylcholine and carbachol are studied by using an isolated tissue preparation, which is a guinea pig ileum. The contractile property of the smooth muscle is used for the straightforward measurement of the force it produces as an indication of effect. The ileum is a part of the intestines among the pyloric sphincter and colon. The ileum has a tube of muscle and epithelial layers, innervated by bundles of fibres. The muscle layers have inherited contractility. The contractility is transformed by the nervous inputs in the myenteric plexuses. In the myenteric plexuses the ganglia linking pre and post ganglionic neurons with acetylcholine act to transmit among them. The muscle layer makes the tissue shorter and pulls the tube together. So the muscle lengthens the tissue little bit. Acetylcholine can stimulate the contraction when it is released from the enteric nerve terminals onto the muscle layers. In the enteric nervous system are the muscarinic g-protein coupled receptors. Those receptors mediate a biological response an acetylcholine agonist. The cells of the muscle form gap junctions with each other and so are electrically coupled, allowing for smooth coordinated contractions that underlie peristalsis. The ileum was kept continually in the oxygenated Tyrodes solution. The temperature of Tyrode solution was maintained at 32 Celsius. The contraction or relaxation of the piece of tissue was attached to an isotonic transducer. An instrument, which converted changes into electrical current and that, was used to drive a pen recorder. Method: For the second experiment the time was reduced to 4 minutes from 8 minutes. Description of the results Acetylcholine Average % Max Response Dose Response Height Percentage Maximum Response Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 A 0.00000001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B 0.00000003 0.00 1.00 45.00 0.00 0.87 10.47 3.78 C 0.00000010 1.00 10.00 85.00 1.00 8.70 19.77 9.82 D 0.00000030 3.50 115.00 220.00 3.50 100.00 51.16 51.55 E 0.00000100 100.00 110.00 430.00 100.00 95.65 100.00 98.55 F 0.00000300 80.00 100.00 380.00 80.00 86.96 88.37 85.11 Carbachol Average % Max Response Dose Response Height Percentage Maximum Response Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 A 0.00000001 40.00 20.00 0.00 3.28 3.23 0.00 2.17 B 0.00000003 20.00 20.00 0.00 1.64 3.23 0.00 2.15 C 0.00000010 240.00 100.00 5.00 19.67 16.13 5.26 13.69 D 0.00000030 280.00 170.00 40.00 22.95 27.42 42.11 30.83 E 0.00000100 560.00 620.00 80.00 45.90 100.00 84.21 76.70 F 0.00000300 1220.00 540.00 95.00 100.00 87.10 100.00 95.70 Discussion A more sophisticated organ bath could be used as the volume of the bath was filled visually. If it had a mark then the filled amount would be the same and no error would occur. Questions: The ileum is innervated by the enteric, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The Myenteric (Auerbachs) and submucosal (Meissners plexuses) are the two plexuses of the enteric nervous system. The agonists Histamine and ATP cause peristaltis in the gut. (Morphin, cannabis drugs) A vehicle is a pharmaceutical ingredient (usually a liquid) used a medium for dissolving the active drug in a mass suitable for its administration. The transporting agent is used to increase the bulk or decrease the concentration of a mixture. Acetylcholine esterase cannot easily metabolise carbachol. Carbachol is a choline ester and does not well absorb in the gastrointestinal tract. It does not cross the blood brain barrier. Carbachol is a drug that binds and activates the acetylcholine receptor. It is classified as a cholinergic agonist. Applications are for ophthalmic purpose, such as treating glaucoma or for use during ophthalmic surgeries. It stimulates bladder emptying and for chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Postradiation nausea and vomiting. Yes, the dose range for each agonist is sufficient to obtain a complete dose response curve. Both agonists reached a maximum response. EC50 11 No difference 12 13 14 15 Antiemetic can either reduce nausea or stop people from throwing up. Different drugs types and different strength are in use. The simplest indication is and simple motion sickness and to prevent nausea or for nausea. They antagonize the following receptors : 1-peripheral 5-HT3 receptor blockade on intestinal vagal afferents; 2-central5-HT3 receptor blockade in the vomiting center and chemo trigger zone. Use: because of the 5HT3 receptor antagonists in the chemotherapy it is inducing vomiting. Conclusion: Using tissues helps to overcome some problems. If a whole guinea pig is used applying orally a drug, it may complicate the interpretation of the observations. As a tissue is used in this experiment the following factors, such as absorption from the gut and its distribution throughout the body do not have to be considered when the response of a piece of isolated tissue is controlled. Agonists produce a biological response when applied to a tissue. From this experiment practically I gained that the produced size of response by an agonist depends on the dose. Each drug has a threshold dose. Under this dose no response can be spotted. Increasing the application of the drug over the threshold dose increases the response until it reaches a maximum value. Apart from the increased dose, the response will not increase. Using the term concentration made the comparison between the experiments easier. All the tissues from an animal (in this case guinea pig) may possibly response different to given drugs and make a respond from an amount of different tissues. The response from the guinea pig to acetylcholine and carbachol induced by fixed concentration different levels due to the biological variation.

Ritalin is Like Cocaine :: Drugs Addiction Essays

What is Ritalin? Ritalin, or methylphenidate, is a stimulant derived from the same family as cocaine. Manufactured by the Ciba-Geigy Corporation, a division of Novartis, Ritalin sales have increased by 700% since 1990. The United States market accounts for over 90% of the sales (Breggin, 1998). Ritalin is dispersed in pill form in varying amounts, either for short or long effects; the short-term form lasts 3-5 hours while the long-term form may last 6-8 hours. (SR) Ritalin is the slow release form that lasts longer. Ritalin, like other stimulant medications, works by increasing the production of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. (Reif, 1998) Who uses Ritalin? Doctors generally prescribe Ritalin as their first choice in treating ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. Approximately 3-5% of children in the world have ADHD, of those, about 4 million take Ritalin (Breggin, 1998). It is thought that ADHD may occur from low levels of dopamine and epinephrine in the brain; although that is a highly controversial topic, it makes Ritalin an obvious treatment. (http://www.restores_homepage.com/the_ritalin_generation.htm) What is ADHD? Many psychologists regard ADHD as a state deficit, where children are highly aroused to compensate for the body’s feeling of under arousal. (Kerns, Eso, Thomson, 1999) Three main features of ADHD are 1.Impulsivity, the children often act before they consider consequences 2.Hyperactivity, the children struggle to sit still 3.Inattentiveness, the children have difficulty focusing on a subject because of the overload of stimuli in the environment. Research may indicate that ADHD has biological origins and set symptoms, such as fidgeting, excessive talking, difficulty maintaining concentration, impulsive behavior, lack of focus and messiness. (http://www.mnsi.net/~collinsw/ritalin.htm) According to the Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology, in a recent conference held by the NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health, the validity of the diagnosis of ADHD was held in question. (www.breggin.com) The cause of ADHD is unknown as of yet, and speculation is all psychologists have to diagnose and treat patients. The DSM-IV has categorized ADHD by the three dimensions listed above and included 18 symptoms under the three categories, which include some listed above. ADHD has undergone significant renaming and evaluation since the last publication of the Diagnostic Statistic Manual. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity, was referred to as ADD or sometimes ADD-H, Attention Deficit Disorder with hyperactivity. (www.journals.cup.org) Who Advocates Ritalin? Teachers, parents and doctors continue to advocate Ritalin despite the claims made by antagonists of the stimulant treatment.

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelleys Ozymandias Essay

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelley's Ozymandias      Ã‚   William Butler Yeats specialized in the early Modernists style of literature.   Coming just out of the Late Victorian age, Yeats used strong literary and historic elements in literary form to evoke his symbolic message in "The Second Coming."   Through the use of his theme of the "new Apocalypse," (lecture notes on Early 20th Century Modernism) he imagined the world was coming into a state of unsurity from the post-WWI Modernist experience.   The war left people in a state of chaos, and although the war was meant to bring people a sense of hope for no more wars in the future, it did far more damage then good, especially in people's minds.   The time in the Modernist era was reflected in the equally chaotic, and choppy word structure in Yeats' poem.   In "The Second Coming" conditions are illustrated as being chaotic, "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;/ Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world" (Yeats, Longman p. 2329: ll. 3-4), confused in a way.   Those wo rds he uses, "fall apart," "cannot hold," and "anarchy" are ...

Creativity in Literacy Practices

Creativity in Literacy Practices: A TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACH by Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION AT PRESENT, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE.This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti.However, I would like to continue by presenting the argument that while literacy practices do offer opportunities for creativity at text level, the study and identification of creativity in literacy practices may be more productive when studied with a broader perspective – one that goes beyond the limits of the text and considers the influence of context in the production, reception and processing of texts, literary practices and creativity. Creativity in literacy practices at text level LITERACY IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND IS A PART OF EVEN OUR MOST MUNDANE SOCIAL PRACTICES.WHILE THE ROLE WHICH LITERACY PLAYS IN SITUATIONS MAY VARY IN IMPORTANCE, IN THE CONTEXT OF LITERACY EVENTS WHERE LITERACY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE, INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHARACTERISTIC AND PATTERNED WAYS OF USING AND INTERACTING WITH TEXTS. THESE HABITUAL PATTERNS HOLD DIFFERENT MEANING AND VALUES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ARE WHAT WE REFER TO AS LITERACY PRACTICES. Creativity in literacy practices at the level of the text may be identified by focusing on special linguistic forms that stand out in texts. This pproach is modeled after what Carter (1999) called an inherency perspective which perceives creativity as being ‘inherent’ in the creative uses of language intrinsic in text. Th e focus is on the writer’s skill in the manipulation of linguistic forms that constitute text on the phonological, grammatical and semantic level. Roman Jakobson (1960), one of the well-known advocates of this approach, was concerned with the ‘poetic function of language’ which was believed to be in close relation to literariness in text.He argued that the poetic function of language involves the ‘foregrounding’ of language forms which have the ability to draw attention to themselves – making a noticeable impact on the reader. Foregrounding results from stylistic choices which may come as (1) deviations from the norms of everyday language (e. g. the use of different writing systems, lexis and ‘figurative language’ such as metaphor and simile or (2) prominent patterns of parallelisms in phonology, grammar and semantics (e. g. meter, rhyme, etc. (Maybin and Pearce, 2006, p. 6 – 9). By highlighting the ‘poetic usages of language’, we can identify creativity in diaries at the text level. The metaphoric descriptions and dramatic portrayal of entities and events in diaries are ways in which individuals attempt to explore their feelings regarding their experience of the ‘real world’ that are often difficult to describe. In addition, repeated structures and rhythms are commonly used in diaries as a form of emphasizing points in the writer’s diary entry.Such examples of ‘poetic language’ may also be identified in letters. In Margaretta Jolly’s (1997) study of war letters, she states that letters are probably ‘the most common form of creative writing. ’ Her examples point out the creative way in which letter-writers are able to use language forms such as imagery, metaphoric and rhetorical devices as well as parallelism (more commonly related to literature) for the purpose increasing the text’s emotional and persuasive impact and highlighti ng contrast and subtleties of meaning (Maybin, 2006, p. 72). The â€Å"art of graffiti† is a long-standing tradition with the ability to exhibit creativity at text level both in its traditional and embellished form. Creativity is seen in the use of rhythmic repetition, puns and contradictory voices (as in parody and irony), the use of non-standard spelling and punctuation (usually in line with a particular artistic style) and the use of text and decoration for aesthetic and communicative purposes.While it is possible to be able to identify creativity in literacy practices at text level, this approach is somewhat limited because it fails to take into account: (1) the interactive features and functions of literacy practice, (2) the influence of its socio-cultural and historical context and more importantly (3) the creativity in language practices that is inherent and emergent from social practices in particular contexts.Therefore, I suggest that a better and more efficient way to identify and evaluate creativity in literacy practices, is one that approaches literacy from a more contextual approach, more specifically from an ethnographic perspective. Creativity and literacy practices from an ethnographic approach According to the ethnographic approach defined by Papen and Tusting (2006, p. 312-359), creativity refers the production of something ‘new’ and ‘original’. In written language, creativeness should not be perceived as a decontextualised, individual activity or as being entirely shaped by context.It should be seen as being dependent on and emergent from the creative literacy practices through which texts are constructed because they are shaped by people, who in pursuit of their own goals and purposes, actively draw on the interactional, contextual and socio-cultural possibilities available in the particular social situation they are embedded. Literacy practices are inherently creative in and of themselves. The ethnographic perspective takes into account the broader social-political context within which creativity is located and through their examination of iteracy practices and texts, advocates of the ethnographic approach found three major characteristics of creativity in writing. To begin, by focusing on people’s literacy practices rather than just texts, they noted that creative texts are produced as a result of interactive collaboration. Diaries, although written by a single person, emerge from an individual’s account and reflection of events and various conversations and interactions with people.Diaries and journals are dialogic practices wherein the writer addresses and responds to a ‘reader’ and have the potential to be re-contextualized in different publications to address a wider readership (Maybin, 2006, p. 269) This dialogical aspect is more evident in web blogs or online journals in which people often (1) write in response to the entries of others, (2) write entr ies addressed to others and (3) write with the expectation and even the goal to get as much response from others. Maybin (2006, p. 73) tells us that letters are even more intensely dialogic in nature. I believe that letters are best viewed as mediums of ‘correspondence’ wherein we present written versions of our personal experience, relationships and identities in relation to an assumed reader who then responds by confirming or questioning. Letters are shaped by and inspire collaborative practices An interesting characteristic of graffiti that I believe exemplifies the collaborative nature of creativity is the way that graffiti attracts graffiti (Macdonald, 2006).A graffiti-covered wall may look like vandalism to law-enforcers or a rather threatening cacophony of ‘names’ to the common passerby but it constitutes a symbolic exchange between members of a sub-group. In the world of graffiti, tags located on the same space are often interpreted in relation to t heir positioning and proximity to each other. They may be viewed as a sign of respect, acknowledgement or outright disregard – a reflection of the intensely competitive nature of this practice.In addition to the collaborative nature of creative literary practices, the ethnographic approach pays careful attention to the influence of the context of reading and writing in the development of creative practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 320). They argued that in any given opportunity, there is particular set of possibilities and constraints that provides the opportunity for creativity. This involves affordances (i. e. properties of the environment, arising from its material characteristics which may be positive or negative depending on the individual) from new forms of technology, discourse conventions as well as inter-textual and material resources available to producers of text. An important thing to note is while possibilities may determine what is possible in any given cont ext, the possibilities associated with a setting do not determine what is created.For example, while people may be able to describe events, sights and even people through the practice of diaries and letters, there are abstractions such as feelings and intensely traumatic situations (such as in war) that are far more difficult to describe and articulate. In order to overcome this type of ‘constraint’ on expression, writers make use of metaphoric language and parallelisms, enabling them to represent their feelings and experiences in ‘words’ that their readers may be able to relate to. Creativity may also emerge from socially-constrained situations.Graffiti emerged from the same socially and economically impoverished areas in America where gangs are notoriously prominent. Because graffiti is an act of illegitimacy and opposition, graffiti artists face the constant risk of being caught by the police or by rival gangs each time they make a ‘tag’ or do a ‘piece’. But this high-risk and intensely competitive literacy practice is a stage on which young men may choose an identity of their own making, present it in the style of their choice and regain control of their own ‘fate’ – free from the constraints of their socio-economic backgrounds (Mcdonald, 2006).Social, economic or technological changes may result in the introduction of new affordance and constraints to any given context (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 325). For example, the popularization of the internet brought about the development of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), resulting in the creation of new literary genres and changes in literacy practices. According to Kress (2003), creativity may be perceived as inherent in CMC using the two concepts of ‘transformation’ and ‘transduction’.Transformation is the way that the text producers manipulate the forms of signs within a mode to suit their needs and intere sts. Transduction, on the other hand, refers to the movement of ‘semiotic material’ between modes where meaning configured in one mode is moved to another. Online diaries, known as online ‘blogs, perform the same function as traditional diaries and even employ the same linguistic forms. However, bloggers now have access to a greater degree of interactive, inter-textual and multi-modal resources.Whereas in the past, writers creatively used language to express their thoughts and feelings through metaphors and similes, bloggers can now make use of pictures, videos, music, emoticons, avatars and (through hyper-linking) other texts to represent themselves and their lives online. Similarly, the literacy practice of letter-writing is far from extinct in today’s modern ear but has taken up a new form – that is, electronic mail (e-mail). As a medium of communication, email has enabled cross-cultural communication and the creation of online relationships and à ¢â‚¬Ëœnetworking’ communities.Finally, the ethnographic perspective sees creative literacy practices in everyday life as being embedded in socio-cultural practices situated in institutional, political and economic structures. These structures are in a constant state of movement and change therefore taking on a historical perspective towards literacy practices is a necessity. Based on observation and study, changes in socio-economic conditions are often accompanied by changes in the linguistic and semiotic means available to a community as in the case of the following account of changes to a Nepali rural community Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 328). The 1980s was a time of great social and economic change in Junigau, Nepal. In 1983, the village set up its first high school, providing greater access to education for men and women – resulting in great changes to the literacy practices used by the young. A new form of ‘prolonged courtship’ (i. e. , love-letter w riting) had become increasingly popular among the youth, improving gender relations and changing marriage practices (as the young were becoming more resistant towards arranged marriages).The way in which these love-letters encapsulated new ideas on personal identity and individual agency which held no cultural precedent in their village is an example of how social and cultural change is closely related to the creation of new literacy practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 328) Conclusion ANALYZING CREATIVITY AT TEXT LEVEL, ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY CREATIVENESS IN TEXTS AS IS REVEALED BY THE USE OF POETIC LANGUAGE OR LINGUISTIC FORMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH LITERATURE.THIS APPROACH HOWEVER WAS VERY MUCH LIMITED DUE MAINLY BY THE NARROWNESS OF THE INHERENCY MODEL’S DEFINITION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES AS CREATIVITY AS WELL AS TO ITS LACK OF CONSIDERATION OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND THE INHERENCY OF CREATIVITY IN LITERACY PRACTICES. In taking an ethnographic/historical perspective, chara cteristics of creativity that are inherent in literacy practices become more salient. Through our understanding of the three characteristics of creativity in literacy practices, we’ve identified creativity beyond the level of the text.This contextual approach showed us how creativity is exhibited in literacy practices in the way that (1) texts are read and used, how the writer interacts with other individuals;(2) how people are able to creatively use language in relation to the possibilities and constraints available in particular contexts and finally, (3) individuals are able to adapt and respond to changes in discourse practices and socio-cultural conditions. References CARTER, R. (1999). ‘COMMON LANGUAGE: CORPUS, CREATIVITY AND COGNITION’, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, 8(3), P. 196-216 Jakobson, J. (1960). Closing statement: linguistics and poetics’, in T. A. Sebeok (ed. ) Style in Language, MIT Press. Jolly, M. (1997). ‘Everyday Letters and Literary F orm: Coresspondence from the Second World War’, unpublished MPhil, University of Sussex. Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new Media Age. London and New York, Routledge. Macdonald, N. (2006). Chapter 6. Reading B: ‘The spray-can is mighteier than the sword: graffiti writing and the construction of masculine identity’ in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 293 – 302. Maybin, J. 2006)(Ed. ) Chapter 6 ‘Writing the self’, in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 261 – 279. Maybin, J. and Pearce, M. (2006). Chapter 1 ‘Literature and creativity in English’ in Goodman, S. and O’Halloran, K. (eds) The art of English: literary creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 6-9. Papen, U. and Tusting, K. (2006). Chapter 7 ‘Literacies, collaboration and context ’ in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 312 – 331.

Feasib Rationale of Restaurant Essay

Since the members of our group do the likes of Philippine native pabulums, we decided to enter up with a native eatery business, the Probinsyana. The purpose of this native restaurant is supports the substance class to low class people. cosmos able to deliver great client service, great food, and great atmosphere. A dash that will surely be love by the masses is what this is all about.Probinsyana cuisines fuck off its influences from different countries. This is due to the fact that traders and colonizers ask visited the Philippines for centuries. The Ameri base and Spanish colonizers, and the Chinese and some other Southeast Asian traders influenced and brought a lift on the Philippine cuisine.Chinese is i of the contri preciselyors of the Filipino cuisine. Chinese influences the Filipino on making noodles or what we call pancit. For legion(predicate) years Chinese people interact with the Filipinos and some of them stay and live in the Philippines. They teach their wife on how to stimulate some Chinese statesmanship provided using ingredients found in the Philippines.When the Spaniards came to Philippines, they introduced the Spanish culture. The Spanish colonies often influenced the Philippines in umteen different ways. As a lot as 80 percent of Filipino food originates from Spain. Tomatoes and garlic, for instance, both staple Filipino foods, were introduced from Spain, as was the cooking method of sauting using olive oil. For example, Adobo, Adobo means marinated sauce for pork. Spain can as well lay claim to the delicious throw of Filipino desserts and pastries. Baked goodies much(prenominal) as pan de sal and ensaymada are of Spanish origin.When American defeated the Spaniards and colonies the Philippines, they introduce a weensy American cuisine. Although Americans didnt make that much of an influence in Philippine cuisine, they surely changed the way Filipinos dine. They introduce the fast-food chain that and can goods which is u ntil now available everywhere.Native Filipino cooking is not too low despite the fact that spices are ample and right away available in the islands. The canonical staple is rice of which hundreds of varieties are cultivated. briny source of protein is fish which abound in oceans, lakes, rivers, streams and ponds. Meat, especially pork and poultry, is also ordinarily eaten. Beef is readily available precisely is more expensive the cattle attention not being well developed in the awkward. Veal and lamb are not too popular but goat meat is considered a delicacy in some parts of the country as are frogs, rabbits and deer.It is often when have native Filipino dishes that one appreciates the regional variations in the country. For while it is true that Filipino culture is homogeneous, there are particular differences in cooking and food preferences that readily identify the regional origin of many dishes. Although these differences are not as articulate as in the regional vari ations of Chinese cooking, for instance, they are widely recognized in the country where regionalism plays an important role because of its geographical division into many island-groups.Foreign flying fieldThe word restaurant was unknown until 1765. At that time a Frenchman called Boulanger opened such an establishment in Paris to mete out meals and light refreshments. It was so successful that it was cursorily imitated by others, and many new establishments with the aforesaid(prenominal) idea and calling themselves restaurants opened in France. The ward restaurant was not generally used in England until the end of the nineteenth century.In England, the restaurant idea air more slowly than in France. At first there came the tea shops, and in 1873 the first restaurant was opened in London.

Reading Level of Grade Three Pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School Essay

The current bang being faced to sidereal daytimetime by nigh educators is that during enrolment, around scholarly persons who atomic take aim along 18 promoted in first floor Three atomic number 18 gloss over considered as non- ratifiers. fit in to Arnold Peralta (2006), enabling the tyke to make in association 1 and 2, the primary grade is very necessary. It is in this portray that the habit of rendition should be developed. If a child entrust non be fit to memorise, understand what he reads and developed the habit of edition, he/she house hardly make it in the gritty(prenominal) grades. check to Businessdictionary. com, practice session grade take scram way of keep number assigned to the take of complexity of a course session sensible, it equates to a given take aim of take aiming, For runple, a rendering grade take of s even so actor the rendering material is intended for a seventh grade student. In the compass of raising, this concept is very alpha in determining pupils progress in course session. According to Juan Miguel Luz (2007), cross off Three (10 years old) is a critical year in dam shape up of evening gown directing.Before School yr 2012-2023 pre indoctrinateing is neither compulsory nor part of the megabucks of free public commandment guaranteed by the Constitution, family Three marks the collar full year of basic education for children who attend public unsophisticated drill and the year when the facility to read, write, and do the quatern operations of arithmetic with competence is pass judgment. ( slight than 20 percent of those who go to public elementary school actu aloney attend a full year of preschool education).Dropping start before this grade take then(prenominal) becomes a major(ip) contri howeveror to the deficiency of functional literacy, which in turn has a negative invasion on adults and their ultimate work productivity. This is assuming, of course, that by the end of Grade 3 (or the 3rd year of dinner gown full- succession schooling), the childrens competence in the trio Rs ar being h hotshotd fully. tho seeing it, that may non be happening in far in like manner many schools. Further to a greater extent than, since they interpreted the basic skills in class goal during their previous grades, they are judge to be a good reader when they reach Grade Three.However, on that point are many pupils who are still considered as non-readers. Stothard & Hulme (1996) described interpretation as the interaction of two distinct processes, decrypt and scholarship. For virtuoso(prenominal) readers decryption is a super automated task. Skilled readers finish focus their perplexity on comprehension of the novel material. base ability readers typic eithery con engraft difficulties analyse and hit the booksing from expository textual material (Helwig, Almond, Rozek-Tedesco, Tindal, & Heath, 1999). lectors with robust communicator y ability skills are more than likely to analyze un sampleed teaching and draw inferences than their peers with low verbal ability.DepEd intensifies variation literacy in schools by enforcing the policy c tout ensembleed Every Child A Reader (the schooling Post Vol. 21, no(prenominal) 1). Undersecretary Bacani state the invigorated policy aims to make all(prenominal) Philippine child a undefeated reader at the end of Grade 3. The undersecretary is expecting that no pupil lead be promoted to higher(prenominal) grades unless he or she manifests ascendency of the basic literacy skills in a concomitant grade (Arnold Peralta,2006). The questioners presupposed factors to consider in eradicating or minimizing non- readers in some(prenominal) school.Among this are children who wealthy person fatigued less cadence in subject field, their sire and bring forth educational acquisition, fount of pre-school accompanied whether in public or private, and periodical fami ly income. This is casefuld by the influence of the contemporary world, and kindles inability to monitor the childs progress because they are preoccupied with their elect job. Some children choose to hang well-nigh malls, play computer or telly games, or watch cartoons and consider read as part of school activities that select to be forgotten during their spare epoch. (Arnold Peralta,2006)On the other(a) hand, this is maybe caused by recruits low educational advancement, and the absence seizure of any see and educational materials in their photographic plates. According to Arnold Peralta (2006), the elevates component part is very valuable in helping increase their childrens habits. They must be viewd in any activity to improve their childrens interpretation ability. That is why, in relation to this, the researchers aim to conduct a teaching that shall go over if such factors switch indeed some kind of influence with the rendition train of Grade Three pupils of Luis mirasol biography School.Statement of the Problem This depicted object pass on be conducted to sterilise the indicant aim of Grade Three Pupils at Luis mirasol memorial School. Specifically, this learning aims to 1. Describe the answerers socio-economic characteristics in cost of educational improvement of the father , educational advancement of the get down, and the monthly family income,type of pre-school accompanied, and number of instants spend in nurture 2. Determine the practice train of the responsives 3.Determine if there is a birth mingled with the respondents socio-economic characteristics such as educational science of a father, educational attainment of mother, monthly family income, and type of pre-school attended and number of hours spent in reading of the respondents. explore Hypotheses 1. There is no significant kind in the midst of the respondents socio-economic characteristics such as educational attainment of a father, educational attainment of mother, monthly family income, and type of pre-school attended, meter spent in reading and the reading train. theory-based FrameworkThis domain is based on various theories on reading level According to the theory of reading as defined by (Henry,1986) that it must use up with wide vagabond of issues and account for a wide range of behaviors and capabilities. tuition occurs when a child has developed sufficient decoding skills. Decoding is the ability to decipher printed speech communication into meaningful spoken language. More specifically, decoding refers to the skill at which one is able to recognize sound, individual phonemes in a printed or create verbally vocalise and then length and those phonemes to form the sound of the word by (Adams 1990)NRP,2000National look intoer Council,1998)Philip Gough and Wesley vacuum-clean (1990) describe a theory called round-eyed review of reading, a theory that back up that decoding is necessary for reading level suc cess. This view asserts that light-colorednesses in reading decoding depart result in weak reading. According to (Moats 1999, p5). adaptation is the fundamental skill upon which all formal education depends. Research now shows that a child who does not discover the basics early is marvelous to learn them at all. Any child who does learn not to learn to read-early and entrust not comfortably master other skillsand knowledge and unlikely to ever flourish in schools or in life.According to (Kantawala, 1980) states that, the higher the socioeconomic status the better the reading attitude, gibe to him students of small size family had a more favourable reading attitude than those of biggish families. Due to the lack of independent reading student may not eat up developed the positive attitude towards reading. conceptual Framework Reading level is one of the problems of teachers and adverts with regards to their pupils and children.As parents become worried on the reading level of their sons and daughters many of them are unaware of the factors which may significantly be active such occurrence. These pupils on the other hand, who collect delayed reading level, frequently, consider reading a task for them to train. In this study, monthly family income, Preschool last attended, Time spent in reading serves as the free-living Variables mend Reading level serve as the Dependent Variable. In terms of periodic Family Income the researcher believe that those respondents with a higher monthly family income are expected to befuddle a high reading level.In terms of Pre-school last attended, researchers believe that those pupils who sire schooling in private pre-school than in public are expected to a give up high reading level. In terms of Time spent in reading, the researchers believe that those who spent much quartetteth dimension in reading are expected to come high reading level. Independent variable 1. Socio-economic characteristics * educational att ainment the father * educational attainment the mother * monthly family income 2. pillowcase of school where pre-school education was obtained * worldly concern * privy 3.Time spent in reading Dependent variable Reading direct Figure 1. A conventional diagram showing the relationship among the Independent and Dependent Variables. Definition of footing To establish a frame of discernment for some(prenominal) the researchers and readers to facilitate correct translation of the results of the study, the spare-time activity term were defined educational proficiency of Father this pertains to the highest level of instruction, obtained in an institution of learning by the father. It is classified advertisement as elementary, high school or college.educational Attainment of Mother this pertains to the highest level of instruction, obtained in an institution of learning by the mother. It is classified as elementary, high school or college. Monthly Family Income. This refers t o the tally revenue income of the pupils family per month and is further classified into game (Php 5000 and above), Average (Php2500 and above), Low (1500 and below). Pre-school last attended. causa of school where pre-school education was obtained whether it is in sidereal day Care Center or Pre- mere(a) humankind School. Time worn out(p) in Reading.This refers to just date not less than 80 to 100 minutes of independent or shared reading per calendar week by the pupils. Reading aim- reading will be measured by victimisation the IRI appraisal and the respondents will be ranked by dint of Frustration level, Instructional Level, Independent Level. ground and Limitation of the use up This study aims to determine the factors colligate to the Reading Level of Grade 3 pupils at Luis common sunflower re compendium School during the School Year 2012-2013. This study will be conducted at Luis mirasol remembrance School for convenience of twain(prenominal) the researcher s and the respondents.The Grade 3 pupils were selected as respondents of this study. The information needed in this study will be gathered using a self-administered questionnaire structured by the researchers. Furthermore, the interview and questionnaire will use to probe the reliability of the research peter. This study would be more rock-steady if it covers a larger scope and if more respondents will be involved. But this will overly mean more effort, time and money that the researchers despondently lack. Significance of the study.The results of this investigating are expected to be highly in force(p) to the following Central Filipino UniversityCollege of Education. As an educational institution that hones every individual to become successful professionals in the future, the problem would be beneficial to the College of Education for the let onreach center in the field study, to see out certain programs, and strategies for the Luis Mirasol memorial School as a confederac y of Central Philippine University. Luis Mirasol Memorial School.If this study proves to be beneficial as a federal agency of basis and modulars, teachers will be able to find new ways and strategies on how to improve the reading level of their pupils. Parents. As the legal guardians of the children, the results of this investigation would serve as a stimuli towards their wise(p)ness on the factors that postulate the reading level of their children. Furthermore, this study would initiate them to be more involved to follow up their children at home with partnership to the teacher and undecided line communication for the development of their children. simple(a) Pupils.Whenever proven that the mentioned factors have something to do with the Reading Level of the pupils, the pupils themselves can learn and even do something to counteract negative impact caused by such factors as to their reading skills. Researchers. The outcome and conclusions drawn from this study will be benefici al to other researchers as a guideline for future studies. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Educational Attainment of both Parents and Reading Level Research on parenting also has shown that parent education is related to a warm, favorable climate in the home. Klebanov et al.(1994) erect that both mothers education and family income were master(prenominal) predictors of the corporeal environs and learning experiences in the home but that mothers education alone was predictive of paternal warmth. Likewise, metalworker et al. (1997) found that the association of family income and parents education with childrens academic transaction was mediate by the home environment. The mediation pith was stronger for maternal education than for family income. Thus, these authors posited that education baron be linked to specific accomplishment behaviors in the home (e. g. , reading, playing).Preschool Attended and Reading Level Preschool helps children to use their minds by intim ate where the child means also knowing how his mind deals with the activities of the curriculum and other experiences in the early years. Mental operation just about relevant for early education can be classify into 3 major heavenss perception, memory and problem solving. According to female horse Montessori, early education has an indispensable role in the whole personality of the child. The tier of human development from 0-6 years is the stage of the roughly absorbent mind and the critical period of a child.This stage is the most sensitive period in the life of the child that needed a wholesome, healthy and rich background. If a child fails in reading during the primary grades, his chances for success in any other academic area are greatly reduced. It is therefore infixed that a pre-school program for children do all it can to ensure that the children will accompany in reading when they enter school. (http//onlineacademics. org/ReadingDiagnosis. html) Preschool improves c hildrens problem solving abilities for elementary school.Educational advocates recognize early childhood education, during the preschool years, as among the most enduring and beneficial function a community can hand over for its children. Some parents choose to delay formal education until kindergarten, instead instructing their children in reading readiness tasks and offering enrichment classes at home. Children who arent offered these opportunities, whether at home or in a formal school setting, run below their kindergarten classmates in reading and social readiness. (W. Steven Bar cleart January 2006).According to a study by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, children who attended preschool collide withd at a higher reading level than children who did not attend preschool. Even if they couldnt read, exposure to reading, books and magnetic inclinationening to stories resulted in higher levels of letter and number recognition. When introduced to numbers a nd earn during kindergarten, children who attended preschool already had conceptual and visual familiarity, making it easier for them to make sense of written words. This advantage in reading comprehension and ability continued through age 15. Time Spent in Reading and Reading Level.(U. S. Department of Education, 1986) have deep reiterated the assertion that time spent reading at school and at home is an important facet of a reading program. Despite the perceived importance of time spent reading, a number of studies have found that middling grade students go past relatively teentsy time reading at school or at home. It has been well record that, in general, the gist of time that students are industrious in academic tasks during the reading period at school is positively correlated with gains in reading effect (Brophy & Good,1986 Fisher et al. , 1980 Stallings & Kaskowitz, 1974).At the same time, however, many activities besides taciturn reading occur during the reading period (Anderson et al. , 1985). Consequently, studies on general student mesh during the reading period do not nominate direct evidence of a meaningful relationship in the midst of time spent on dense reading and reading achievement. A few studies have supported the assertion that time booked in silent reading is an important determinant of elementary students reading achievement. Greaney (1980) found a positive relationship between the amount of time spent reading at home and the reading achievement of elementary-age children.In effect, the assertion that time engaged in silent reading at school and at home is important for childrens reading growth has little empirical support the literature contains surprisingly few studies that have actually found significant relations between time engaged in silent reading and gains in reading achievement for intermediate grade students. In fact, Wilkinson et al. (1988) and Anderson et al. (1988) have lately bemoaned the paucity of eviden ce. Thus, in the present study we focus on the relationship between reading and achievement gains.We attempt to provide selective information directly relevant to the policy question of whether or not elementary teachers and administrators should advocate students devoting more time to silent reading at school and at home. Synthesis of Review of Related books The Related Literature presented above revealed that there are certain existing factors related to the Reading Level of the pupils in an educational institution. It was mentioned by Klebanov et al. (1994) that education of parents and family income were important predictors of the physical environment and learning experiences in the home.Likewise, Smith et al. (1997) found that the association of family income and parents education with childrens academic achievement was mediated by the home environment. The pre-school program for children do all it can to ensure that the children will attend in reading when they enter school (Maria Montessori). This serve as a human foot to their basic learning during their elementary grades.The time spent on reading has been beneficial to children who read during their free time. It has been well documented that, in general, the amount of time that students are engaged in academic tasks during thereading period at school is positively correlated with gains in reading achievement (Brophy & Good,1986 Fisher et al. , 1980 Stallings & Kaskowitz, 1974).Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents a description of the Research Design, locale of Study, take in Population, Research doer, Data Gathering surgical operation and Data Analysis. Research Design The non data-based Design, Specifically the One shot bailiwick was used in this study since it is the most appropriate approach in hoard the prescribed data.This design is sui hedge for the collection of descriptive information about the existence or subjects of the study. Moreover, the design requires data to be col lected once and it also use when the objective is describe a event or condition of a study population as it exist. Locale of the Study The data and information needed in this study was obtained at Luis Mirasol Memorial School, for the convenience of both the respondents and the researchers. The locale is also appropriate, as it can accommodate all the respondents of the study. Respondents of the Study.All of the Grade III pupils from Luis Mirasol Memorial School will be taken as respondents of this study. Census of the occur population from the mention institution will be formally obtained with proper leave from the Schools Principal with the add to causeher 70 respondents. Data Gathering Instrument The information needed in this study will be gathered using self-administered questionnaire and to be structured by the researchers. It consists of four partsThe first part of the instrument will asks about the Educational Attainment of both Parents, the second part pertains to theF amily Income of the respondents, the third part will asks about the Type of Pre-school the respondent attended, and the fourth part is the number of hours that the respondents spent in reading. Data bear on and Analysis The data in this study will be subjected to computer urbane statistics using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Program. A coding manual was prepared for comfy facilitation of the data.In order to achieve the goals of the study, descriptive Statistics which include the mean and Inferential Statistics which included the frequency count and percentage of the results was used. CHAPTER IVFINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The following are the results of our study conducted during the summer of 2012. We interviewed 53 students and the results show that when the respondents are grouped agree to educational attainment of the father, the results are turn off 1. diffusion of Respondents According To Educational Attainment of the Father educational proficiency OF THE FATHER absolute frequency (F) part % validated per centum additive part unsophisticated 4 7. 5 7. 5 7. 5 High School 15 28. 3 28. 3 35. 8 College Level 6 11. 3 11. 3 47. 2 College Graduate 28 52. 8 52. 8 100. 0 get 53 100.0 100. 0 In table 1, out of the 53 respondents, majority of their fathers are college alumna, 28 in sum rack up which map 52. 8% of the total population, followed by fathers who are high school refines 15 in total, which personify 28% of the total population. College level fathers and Elementary graduate are the bottom two, 6 and 4 in total respectively and equal 11. 3% and 7. 5% of the total population. The data shows that the degree of educational attainment of mother does not bushel the reading level of the pupils.Table 2. diffusion of Respondents According To Educational Attainment of the MotherEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE MOTHER Frequency (F) percent % Valid part % Cumulative Percent % Elementary 6 11. 3 11. 3 11. 3 High scho ol 15 28. 3 28. 3 39. 6 College level 11 20. 8 20. 8 60. 4 College graduate 21 39. 6 39. 6 100. 0 Total 53 100. 0 100. 0 In table 2, the data shows that out of the 53 respondents, majority of their mothers are college graduate, 21 in total which comprise 39. 6% of the total population, followed by mothers who are high school graduates 15 in total, which comprise 28. 3% of the total population.College level mothers and Elementary graduate are the bottom two, 11 and 6 in total respectively and comprise 20. 8% and 11. 3% of the total population. The data shows that the degree of educational attainment of mother does not tint the reading level of the pupils. According to____________________________________________? Table 3. Distribution of Respondents According to Monthly Income MONTHLY INCOME Frequency (F) Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % 5000 and above 23 43. 4 43. 4 43. 4 1501-4999 20 37. 7 37. 7 81. 1 1500 and below 10 18. 9 18. 9 100. 0 Total 53 100.0 100. 0 surface of the 53 respondents, majority of them have monthly net income above 5000, 23 in total which comprise 43. 4% of the total population, followed by those who have monthly income ranging from 1501 to 4999, 20 in total, which comprise 37. 7% of the total population, and lastly those who have monthly net income higher than 15000 comprised 18. 9% of the population, or 10 respondents. This data shows that According to Table 4. Distribution of Respondents According Type of Preschool Attended PRESCHOOL accompanied Frequency (F) Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % Public 51 96.2 96. 2 96. 2 Private 2 3. 8 3. 8 100. 0 Total 53 100. 0 100. 0 Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them have finished their preschool in public schools, which comprise 51 respondents or 96. 2% of the full population. The remaining 2 or 3. 8% went to private schools. This data shows that? __________________________ According to_______________________? Table 5. Distribution of Respondents According Time Spent in Reading TIME worn-out(a) IN READING Frequency (F) Percent % Valid Percent % Cumulative Percent % one hour a day 26 49. 1 49. 1 49. 1 two hours a day 5 9. 4 9.4 58. 5 threesome hours a day 2 3. 8 3. 8 62. 3 one hour in a week 5 9. 4 9. 4 71. 7 three hours in a week 2 3. 8 3. 8 75. 5 Less than one hour a week 13 24. 5 24. 5 100. 0 Total 53 100. 0 100. 0 Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them spent one hour a day in reading, 26 in all or 49. 1%, followed by those who read less than an hour a week, 13 in all or 24. 5%. Those who read two hours a day and one hour a week are both tied which comprise 9. 4% of the population or 5 respondents in all. Same is in those who read three hours a day and three hours a week, both 2respondents responds positively comprising 3. 8% of the population.This data shows that? __________________According to_______________? When grouped according to the raw haemorrhoid in Filipino reading comprehension test we get the following results SCORES IN Philippine Valid 53 scatty 0 Mean 78. 58 normal 80. 00 fashion 80 Std. Deviation 4. 050 stripped 59 Maximum 83 The range of the crosss in Filipino exam is from 59 to 83, 59 being the concluding and 83 the highest, with a mean score of 78. 58, means and normal at 80 and with a standard deviation of 4. 050.(Complete table is shown in extension A Table 1) When grouped according to the raw tally in slope reading comprehension test we get the following results SCORES IN ENGLISH Valid 53 Missing 0 Mean 42. 21 Median 44. 00 Mode 43 Std. Deviation 5. 749 Minimum 17 Maximum 49 The range of the heaps in face exam is from 17 to 49, 17 being the lowest and 49 the highest, with a mean score of 42. 21, mode at 43 and median at 44 and with a standard deviation of 5. 749. (Complete table is shown in Appendix A Table 2) To test for coefficient of correlation coefficient for fathers educational attainment in correlationto the respondents core in Filipin o we get, the Spearmans Rho to be . 093 with the substance of 0. 508. In terms for correlation between the mothers educational attainments in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearmans Rho to be -0. 21, with the substance of . 440. In terms of parents net monthly income in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get Spearmans Rho of -. 013 with conditional relation of . 464. In terms preschool attended in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearmans Rho to be . 066, with the significance of . 321.In terms of time spent in reading in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearmans Rho to be -0. 131, with the significance of . 176. To test for correlation for fathers educational attainment in correlation to the respondents score in English we get, the Spearmans Rho to be . 086 with the significance of 0. 269. In terms of mothers educational attainment in correlation to the respondents core in E nglish we get, the Spearmans Rho to be . 030 with the significance of 0. 415.In terms of monthly income in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearmans Rho to be .015 with the significance of 0. 456. In terms of preschool attended in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearmans Rho to be . 088 with the significance of 0. 265. In terms of time spent in reading in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearmans Rho to be -. 114 with the significance of 0. 209. (complete table of correlation see Appendix A table 3. )CHAPTER V CONCLUSION found on the findings of the study the following conclusion was drawn 1. Parents educational attainment, both mother and the father have no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino.This means that the level educational attainment of the parents does not take ups the scores in reading military rating of the pupil. 2. Parents net monthly income has no signi ficant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the net monthly income of the parents does not affect the scores in reading military rating of the pupil. 3. The pre-school attended by the pupil has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the preschool attended by the pupil does not affect the scores in reading rating of the pupil.4. The pre-school attended by the pupil has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the preschool attended by the pupil does not affect the scores in reading military rating of the pupil. 5. The time spent by the pupil reading has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the time spent by the pupil reading does not affect the scores in reading military rating of the pupil. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are genera lized 1.Central Philippine University must take action and do more research as of what is the cause of the low reading level among Luis Mirasol Memorial Schools Grade III pupils. 2. Since there are no significant relationship between parents educational attainment, net monthly income and the reading level of a pupil, the parents must get involve in other ways in the pupils academe excursion from the given two. 3. Researchers are recommended to find other factors that have probable relationship to reading level aside the factors given in this research. REFERENCES http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/reading-grade-level-RGL.html , mesh retrieved April 28, 2012 http// indigo. ie/-sdblang/personal/papers. htm, Date retrieved May 8, 2012 http//www. buzzle. com/articles/private-achools-vspublic-schools. html, effectuate of Low Family Income on Children I eHow. com httpwww. Ehow. com. /list _6195251-effects-low-family income children. html ixzzluWkeyqBZ, Date retrieved May 9, 2 012 http//onlineacamemics. org/ReadingDiagnostisis. html, Date retrieved May 11, 2012 The Philippine Journal of Education, Arnold Peralta (2006), flock No. LXXXV, p. 243. Christian perspectives in education, Vol. 2, No. 2 Spring 2009.